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IUCN Viet NamStrategic Framework 2007-2010

Finding the balance in a changing world

Governance, Environmental Planning, Environmental Services and Climate Change

Finding tthe bbalance iin aa cchanging wworld

The designation of geographical entities in this document, and the presentation of the material, do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area,or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Published by: The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Viet Nam Country Office

Copyright: © 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Cover photograph: Ashley Brooks

Edited by: IUCN Viet Nam

Printed by: Meteor Corp. www.meteorcorp.com

Available from: The World Conservation Union (IUCN)Viet Nam Country OfficeVilla 44/4, Van Bao StreetHanoi, Viet NamTel: ++84 4 7261575/6Fax: ++84 4 7261561www.iucn.org.vn

IUCN VViet NNam SStrategic FFramework 22007-22010

Dr. PPham KKhoi NNguyenVice MinisterMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

IUCN has a long association with the Government of Viet Nam.This began in the early 1980's when IUCN provided technicalassistance in the preparation for the first National ConservationStrategy (NCS) in 1984-1985. Since then, IUCN Viet Nam hasbeen making significant contributions to the environmentalprotection and nature conservation of Viet Nam, especially withrespect to the development of policy and law. The importantdocuments which IUCN Viet Nam has supported in the past orpresently include the National Biodiversity Action Plan (issuedin 1995), the National Plan for Environment and SustainableDevelopment (NPESD) for the period 1991-2000, and theBiodiversity Law.

Apart from supporting developing countries in establishingnational law and policy related to natural management andenvironmental protection, IUCN also has strong experience inconservation work in the field. IUCN is a highly respected globalorganization which has a close relationship with Governmentand NGO's, a wide network of members, and reliable globalknowledge and technical expertise.

On behalf of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment(MONRE), the focal point agency for the environment of VietNam, I would like to congratulate IUCN Viet Nam for thisStrategic Framework 2007-2010. Finding the Balance in aChanging World, which defines the focus of the assistance theywill provide in natural resources protection and management inViet Nam. In this Strategic Framework, IUCN explains newapproaches and orientations. This document reflects an in-depth understanding of the current situation in Viet Nam andhighlights the need to address climate change and mainstreamenvironmental factors into social and economic development toharmonize development and conservation.

I am confident that this Strategic Framework will guide IUCNViet Nam to further success for the coming years.

Once again, congratulations!

Dr. PPham KKhoi NNguyen

Katherine WWarner, PPh.D.Country Group Head - 1Viet Nam, Lao PDR and Cambodia

Viet Nam is a very beautiful country, made up of mountains,forests, lush river deltas and wide expanses of coasts andbeaches. But what of the future? With one of the fastest growingeconomies in the world, Viet Nam is undergoing major changes.The Viet Nam of the future will be very different from that oftoday, not only because of its rapid economic growth, but alsodue to the high vulnerability of its river deltas and coastlines toclimate change.

It is in response to these challenges that IUCN Viet Nam hasprepared its Strategic Framework 2007-2010: Finding the bal-ance in a changing world. IUCN welcomes the opportunity tocontinue to work in partnership with the Government andpeople of Viet Nam in identifying new approaches that willassist in meeting the opportunities and challenges of the future.Utilising a collaborative process of consultations withGovernment, national institutions, members and internationalorganisations, its Strategic Framework reflects IUCN's commit-ment to the conservation of Viet Nam's natural resources forfuture generations while bringing benefits to those in povertytoday and addressing its emerging economic and environmentalpressures.

I am very pleased with IUCN Viet Nam's Strategic Frameworkand believe that it will provide its programme with the correctpath in Finding the balance in Viet Nam's changing world.

Katherine WWarner, PPh.D.

Forewords


Table of contents

The WWorld CConservation UUnion ((IUCN) iin VViet NNam

Abbreviations aand aacronyms

1. Introduction

2. IUCN VViet NNam's SStrategic FFramework 22007-22010: Finding tthe bbalance iin aa cchanging wworld

2.1. IUCN Viet Nam: Finding the balance in a changing world2.2. New directions and approaches

3 The 22007 - 22010 TThematic PProgramme ffor IIUCN VViet NNam

4 GGovernance

4.1. Why Governance? - Improving environmental management,sustaining biodiversity and empowering stakeholders

4.2. Governance in Viet Nam4.3. IUCN Viet Nam and Governance4.4. Governance objectives and strategic directions4.5. Principle Partners: Governance

5 Integrating eenvironmental pplanning iinto eeconomic ggrowth

5.1. Why integrate environmental planning into economic growth? - Harmonizing developmentand conservation

5.2. Viet Nam and environmental planning for economic growth5.3. IUCN Viet Nam and environmental planning for economic growth5.4. Environmental planning for economic growth: objectives and strategic directions5.5. Principle partners: Environmental planning for economic growth

6 Environmental sservices - mmaintaining eecosystem aand bbiodiversity vvalues

6.1. Why Environmental services? - Maintaining ecosystem and biodiversity values6.2. Viet Nam and Environmental services6.3. IUCN Viet Nam and Environmental services6.4. Environmental services: objectives and strategic directions6.5. Principle partners: Environmental services

7 Climate cchange - aan aadaptive aapproach

7.1. Why Climate change? - "An inconvenient truth"7.2. Viet Nam and Climate change7.3. IUCN Viet Nam and Climate change7.4. Climate change objectives and strategic directions7.5. Principle partners: Climate change

Annex 11. TThe WWorld CConservation UUnion ((IUCN) iin AAsia

Annex 22: SStakeholders cconsultation pprocess

References aand ddocuments cconsulted

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The WWorld CConservation UUnion ((IUCN) is a unique organ-isation. It is an intergovernmental organisation thatbrings together 82 states, 112 government organisa-tions, over 800 NGOs, almost 40 affiliates, and some10,000 scientists and experts from 181 countries.

One of the largest international non-profit environmentalorganisations in the world, it was founded in 1948 underthe aegis of the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Since 2000, IUCNhas had observer status at the UN General Assembly.IUCN also has observer status at the Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) aswell as other UN technical agencies.

As a Union with both government and non-governmentmembers, and a vast network of experts and scientists,IUCN is well positioned to effectively lead, convene andfacilitate environmental efforts in Viet Nam. IUCN VietNam is part of the IUCN Asia Region.

IUCN Viet Nam dates back to the early 1980s, whenIUCN started providing technical assistance to theGovernment of Viet Nam in preparation of the firstNational Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1984 -1985 andin the development of the first National Plan forEnvironmental and Sustainable Development (NPESD)for 1991-2000.

In 1993, Viet Nam became a state member of the IUCNand the IUCN Viet Nam Country Office was establishedin Hanoi in the same year. Since then, IUCN Viet Namhas been making significant contribution to the environ-ment protection and nature conservation of Viet Nam. Atpresent, the Viet Nam Country Office has 41 staff.

IUCN has two NGO members in Viet Nam, namely theInstitute of Ecological Economy (ECO-ECO) and theCentre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies(CRES). However, IUCN works with many partners on avariety of initiatives. These include government agen-cies, local and international NGOs, donors and researchinstitutions.

The IUCN Viet Nam Country Programme has focused onthe following areas: biodiversity conservation, environ-mental awareness, environmental economics, forest con-servation, marine and coastal ecosystems, protectedareas, sustainable use of natural resources, wetlands andwater resources and integrated environmental planning.

IUCN Viet Nam recognises the support of its manydonors over many years. These include a range of agen-cies from Governments of Australia, Denmark, theEuropean Union, Finland, Germany, Japan, theNetherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, theUnited Kingdom, and the United States of America. Thesupport of international agencies, including ADB, FordFoundation, GEF, UNDP, and the World Bank, is alsorecognised.

Since 2004 the Swedish International DevelopmentAgency (Sida) has supported IUCN Viet Nam's efforts inachieving our mission through a Country ProgrammeSupport Agreement (CPSA). The Strategic Frameworkplanning process for IUCN Viet Nam was funded underthis agreement.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Viet Nam

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ABS Access and Benefit Sharing

ADB Asian Development Bank

AusAID Australian Agency for International Development

BAP Biodiversity Action Plan

BBP Business and Biodiversity Programme

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CC Climate Change

CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

CPRGS Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy

CPSA Country Programme Support Agreement (Sida)

CRES Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies

Danida Danish International Development Agency

DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

DEX Direct Execution

DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment

DOE Department of Environment, MONRE

DOF Department of Forestry, MARD

ECO-ECO Institute of Ecological Economy

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

FDS Forestry Development Strategy

FFI Fauna and Flora International

FPD Forest Protection Department, MARD

FSSP Forestry Sector Support Partnership

GDP Gross Domestic Products

GEF Global Environmental Fund

GoV Government of Viet Nam

GTZ German Technical Cooperation

HRD Human Resource Development

ICD International Cooperation Department

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IUCN The World Conservation Union

Abbreviations and acronyms

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JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KEG Knowledge, Empowerment and Governance

KP Kyoto Protocol

KRAs Key Result Areas

MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements

MOF Ministry of Finance

MOFI Ministry of Fisheries

MOI Ministry of Industry

MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

MOST Ministry of Science and Technology

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MPA Marine Protected Area

MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment

MRC Mekong River Commission

NCS National Conservation Strategy

NEA National Environment Agency

NEAP National Environmental Action Plan

NEX National Execution

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

NP National Park

NPESD National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development

NSEP National Strategy for Environment Protection

NTFP Non-timber Forest Products

NTFPRC Non-timber Forest Product Research Centre

ODA Official Development Assistance

PA Protected Area

PARC Protected Area for Resources Conservation

RAMSAR RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands

SBPRP Safeguarding Biodiversity for Poverty Reduction Project

Sida Swedish International Development Agency

SNV Netherlands Development Organisation

SEA Strategic Environment Assessment

UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

VCCI Viet Nam Chamber of Commerce and Industry

VEPA Viet Nam Environment Protection Agency, MONRE

VFEJ Viet Nam Forum of Environmental Journalists

VNFS Viet Nam National Forest Strategy

WB World Bank

WHS Word Heritage Site

WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature

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Viet Nam is situated along the southeast margin of theIndochina peninsula and is bordered by China, Lao PDR,and Cambodia. Three-quarters of Viet Nam consists ofmountains and hills with a dense network of rivers andcreeks. Viet Nam is endowed with diverse naturalresources, including land, forest, water, mineral, energy,and biological resources. It is one of the world’s mostbiologically diverse countries, in terms of global biodi-versity, with10 % of the world's mammal, bird and fishspecies. It is estimated that over 40 % of local plantspecies are believed to exist only in Viet Nam.

Viet Nam has had a 7 % annual economic growth rateover the last decade and it is projected to be as high as8.4 % for 2007, thus Viet Nam is considered as one of thefastest growing economies in the world. This rapid eco-nomic growth is continuing to have a significant impacton the environment. Urbanisation, industrialisation, andinfrastructure development, especially the building ofdams and highways, are changing the landscape of VietNam, endangering its rich biodiversity and degrading itsnatural resources, especially its coasts, wetlands, andforests. WTO accession is bringing additional challengesto Viet Nam. The long-term challenge for Viet Nam is torecognise its natural resources and biodiversity asassets, and to balance development with conservation.

Environmental management mechanisms and policieshave not been able to keep pace with Viet Nam's eco-nomic growth. While Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment (SEA) is specified in the Law onEnvironmental Protection (2005) implementation hasbeen limited due to the lack of capacity and appropriatemechanisms. Similarly, the Environmental ImpactAssessments (EIA) of development projects are beingconducted, but their effectiveness remains low due to alack of enforcement mechanisms and incentives forcompliance. The proposed state budget allocation forenvironmental protection currently stands at 1 % of total

expenditure - a positive step - however wise investment,coupled with voluntary compliance to environmental reg-ulations by the private sector remain critical.

The rapid economic growth of the last two decades hashad a significant impact on reducing poverty across VietNam. According to the UNDP, poverty rates in Viet Namdropped from 58% in 1993, to 20 % in 2004. Despitethese gains, economic growth has been associated witha widening urban-rural divide - 90% of people in pover-ty reside in rural areas. It is the rural poor who are themost dependent on natural resources and are the mostvulnerable to environmental degradation. The continu-ing destruction of natural resources will therefore have agreater impact on the rural poor and widen even furtherthe gap between urban and rural households. Initiativesare needed that enable rural communities to captureemerging economic opportunities that will also supportimproving biodiversity conservation rather than degrad-ing the environment.

Climate change will be the issue driving the develop-ment and environmental agenda in Viet Nam this centu-ry. It will require a "whole of country" response. Viet Namis one of the most susceptible countries to the impact ofclimate change. A projected increase in sea-level of 0.56metres over the next 50 years (IPCC estimates) will havea significant impact on the economic activities of VietNam and will impact on the rural poor in its river deltas.In the deltas, infrastructure will need to be re-planned,with provision made for internal migration and physicalmeasures adopted. Adaptation to climate change willneed to be integrated into all sectoral plans and policies.

IUCN Viet Nam's Strategic Framework 2007-2010 hasbeen developed within the context of Viet Nam's sus-tained economic growth and the emerging awareness ofthe potential impact of climate change on Viet Nam'senvironment. In building on its past and looking to the

1. Introduction

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future, IUCN Viet Nam has been critically considering thenew directions of its programme while reflecting on thoseof the nation. This Strategic Framework is the result of areview of IUCN Viet Nam's past works, consultation withpresent, and potential, partners and members, and theconsideration of IUCN's comparative advantage as anorganisation that includes government and non-govern-ment members and networks that link national, regionaland global bodies.

This Strategic Framework 2007-2010 has not beendeveloped as an operation plan. It aims to align IUCNViet Nam programmes with the plans of the GoV andother donors for the period 2006-2010. Yes, it is ambi-tious! However, the strategic approaches outlined in thisplan are not only a framework for the development of theprogrammes of IUCN Viet Nam, but seek to provideguidance for our partners seeking to support sustainabledevelopment in Viet Nam.

Essentially, this Strategic Framework is a guidance docu-ment for IUCN Viet Nam and our national partners. IUCN,as a global organization, has a formal planning process,whereby all IUCN Global Programmes; Commissions;Regions and countries contribute to the IUCNIntersessional Plan. This Strategic Framework 2007-2010reflects the aims and priorities established in the IUCNViet Nam's 2005-2008 Intersessional Plan and will providea solid foundation to the IUCN Viet Nam’s 2009-2012Intersessional Plan in the process of development.

The IUCN Viet Nam Country Office within IUCN CountryGroup 1, a coordination unit of the World ConservationUnion in Southeast Asia that is managed from Hanoi,under the umbrella of the global World ConservationUnion (IUCN) headquartered in Gland, Switzerland andthe Asia Regional Office in Bangkok, Thailand.

The Government of Viet Nam (GoV) through its IUCNmember, the Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment (MONRE), has expressed strong support forIUCN Viet Nam's new Strategic Framework. The aim ofthis document to provide a framework for discussion andimplementation with partners, members, and key stake-holders (including the private sector) and to serve as aguide for collaborative partnerships and activities overthe coming four years. It will also serve as a guide for set-ting new directions for IUCN Viet Nam that reflect thedynamic situation of Viet Nam and the region and assistin planning and monitoring activities in the country.

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2. IUCN Viet Nam's Strategic Framework 2007-2010:Finding the balance in a changing world

IUCN's gglobal mmission iis:

IUCN Viet Nam's new Strategic Framework indicates itscommitment to its mission:

To influence, encourage and assist societies throughout theworld to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and toensure that the use of natural resources is equitable andecologically sustainable.

IUCN Viet Nam's vision is:

To become the leading knowledge-based conservation andenvironmental organisation working in partnership with theGovernment of Viet Nam, civil society and the private sector - topromote best practice for sustainable development; maintainenvironmental integrity; and support sustainable livelihoods forits people.

To influence, encourage, and assist Viet Nam's biodiversityconservation and equitable sustainable use of naturalresources for improving its people's quality of life.

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2.1. IUCN Viet Nam: Finding thebalance in a changing world

IUCN Viet Nam's long term objectives:

1. Ecosystems, habitats and species are

conserved and rehabilitated, as a basic

need for the present generation and as

a basic right for future generations.

2. Natural resources are managed and

used on an equitable and sustainable

basis and contribute to poverty allevi-

ation, especially of women and the

most vulnerable, and improve human

wellbeing.

3. Sound environmental management

principles and practices are incorpo-

rated into the policies and plans for

social and economic growth.

IUCN Viet Nam's vision is reflected in its StrategicFramework, which demonstrates a commitment to a bet-ter future in which Viet Nam's natural resources are val-ued and well managed for the livelihoods of its people.The IUCN Strategic Framework is aligned with the GoVplans and strategies for the period 2006 - 2010 which inturn reflect the Government's commitment to povertyreduction within the high economic growth context antic-ipated for this period. There is an urgent need for improv-ing environmental planning and management for main-taining sustainable ecosystem and environmental servic-es for both current and future development. TheStrategic Framework also reflects the spirit of the HanoiCore Statement to support Government ownership,alignment with national priorities, harmonisation ofapproaches, and to assist improved coordination toachieve measurable results and outcomes by 2010.

While this Framework provides strategic directions forIUCN Viet Nam, it is a living document with the flexibilityto accommodate developments throughout implementa-tion. It confirms that IUCN Viet Nam will serve as a con-vener in supporting the Government in addressingnational priorities through continuing to work in closepartnership with key stakeholders and supporting strate-gic initiatives. It will provide the guidance to support theGovernment to address critical emerging areas such asclimate change adaptation and areas of on-going pro-grammes such as environmental governance. In addi-tion, IUCN Viet Nam will strengthen and expand its part-nership with other government agencies such as theMinistry of Planning and Investment (MPI), the Ministry ofFinance (MOF), the Ministry of Industry (MOI), the VietNam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) andthe private sector in ecosystem conservation and envi-ronmental protection. In working with its partners, IUCNViet Nam will further promote IUCN membership amongVietnamese organisations. This aligns with IUCN's tradi-tional role of acting as an organisation whose network ofmembers is committed to best practice in environmentalmanagement.

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2.2. New directions and approaches

IUCN Viet Nam's approach for the coming 2007 - 2010period is founded on six basic operational principles:

1. Strategic partnership with government, donors andkey stakeholders, including the private sector. IUCN VietNam will work with the GoV to identify its needs and pri-orities and provide support in the design and/or formula-tion of sectoral programmes. IUCN Viet Nam will contin-ue and further strengthen its support to the GoV in devel-oping law, regulations and enforcement mechanisms forthe management of natural resources and the environ-ment. Special attention will be paid to building of capac-ity related to multi-lateral environmental agreements.Donor relations, partnerships within IUCN and with itsmembers, NGOs and other partners will be furtherstrengthened; new partnerships with the private sectorwill be formed.

2. Knowledge, Empowerment and Governance (KEG) forconservation and sustainable use. This is a core strate-gy for IUCN's global programme and is based on theassumption that when knowledge is available and peo-ple and institutions are empowered to use this knowl-edge, they can participate more effectively in decision-making to improve laws, policies, instruments and insti-tutions. In Viet Nam, this is especially relevant in theintroduction of new and innovative approaches such asagro-biodiversity, business and biodiversity partner-ships, payments for environmental services and integrat-ed natural resource management.

3. Innovation and Leadership. IUCN Viet Nam will workinnovatively and actively towards the needs of Viet Nam.In response to the dynamic changes that Viet Nam iscurrently experiencing and will continue to experience inthe future, IUCN Viet Nam will work proactively with itspartners to address the country's needs and develop abetter understanding of the current status of naturalresources and environment, especially those most vul-nerable to climate change (coastal zones and riverineareas). IUCN Viet Nam will consider development trends,promote new concepts and approaches, and pilot newinitiatives. In essence, IUCN Viet Nam will lead the con-vening of IUCN members and NGOs to addressGovernment priorities as well as to dialogue on otherpriority issues.

4. Excellence in technical assistance. IUCN Viet Namcommits to continuing to provide quality technical assis-tance in the environment sector to its partners. Inresponse to overseas development assistance mecha-nisms increasingly taking the NEX (nationally executed)model, IUCN Viet Nam will focus on providing high-qual-ity technical assistance. As an organisation that has notonly national staff, but also has a global network ofexperts, IUCN Viet Nam can provide excellent technicalassistance, especially in new and emerging areas. Oneparticular area where IUCN Viet Nam will assist is in thebenchmarking studies of vulnerable ecosystems.

5. Focussed and flexible programme delivery. IUCN VietNam will continue to work with its existing programmesfocussing on biodiversity, marine and coastal areas,forests, protected areas, wetlands and water resourcesto deliver the objectives laid out within this StrategicFramework. In addition, to addressing specific issues,teams and working groups will be established within theIUCN Viet Nam programme and with partners to meetprogramme objectives.

6. Communication outreach. Building awareness on newand critical environmental issues, and proactively dis-seminating the results of programme activities, are cor-nerstone principles for IUCN Viet Nam's StrategicFramework 2007-2010. In a rapidly changing world,IUCN Viet Nam will provide information in the appropri-ate form to a range of target audiences and work with itspartners and members to capture lessons learnt and toprovide success stories from effective programmes andactivities. Future leaders will be a particular focus ofthese initiatives.

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3. The 2007 - 2010 Thematic Programme forIUCN Viet NamThis Strategic Framework outlines a set of thematicprogrammes and introduces areas of cooperation withpartners. The process of stakeholder consultation issummarised in Annex 2.

IUCN Viet Nam's programme seeks to reflect the chal-lenges for Viet Nam in the coming years: how to find abalance between rapid economic development andmaintaining environmental services within a world under-going climate change.

IUCN Viet Nam, together with key partners, has devel-oped an integrated programme of four thematic areas ofwork, namely Governance, Environmental Planning,Environmental Services, and Climate Change.

The rationale for these thematic areas is outlined below:

Governance lies at the centre of the 2007-2010 StrategicFramework and is central to each of the other three the-matic programmes areas of the Framework (see diagram,next page). Governance is also structured as a distinctarea of programmatic activity and reflects IUCN VietNam's commitment to strengthening overall governancewithin key sectors in Viet Nam and to supporting a multi-stakeholder approach in which those who are dependenton natural resources, especially the rural communitiesand disadvantaged groups, also have a voice in itsmanagement.

Environmental pplanning addresses the issue of "greening"the development agenda and mainstreaming theenvironment into relevant plans and policies. This buildsupon the existing efforts of IUCN Viet Nam to harmonizedevelopment and conservation as well as to support theeffective use of available resources. The integration ofenvironmental planning tools into the developmentprocess is a critical part of this approach.

Environmental sservices thematic area aims to help main-tain the benefits that ecosystems and the environmentcan provide to the people of Viet Nam. This has beenone of the traditional areas of IUCN Viet Nam's pastefforts. Working with the technical expertise found withinIUCN's global networks, IUCN Viet Nam will promoteglobal best practice in habitat and species conservation.

Climate cchange will emerge over the next four years asa critical element of all aspects of the government's poli-cies, plans and actions. Impacts of climate change willbe felt in both rural communities and in cities; coastalcommunities are already reporting impacts. IUCN willwork together with the government and communities topromote the development of adaptation strategies torespond to a changing climate.

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IUCN Viet Nam's programmatic themes and objectivesare summarised below:

GovernancePromote sustainable development that is measured byclear environmental indicators of the impacts economicgrowth has on Viet Nam's environment;Develop incentive mechanisms that encourage sustain-able management and use of natural resources andbuild capacity and commitment to enforcement of exist-ing environmental laws and regulations; Enhance and sustain coordination among governmentagencies on key policy and implementation issues;Support meaningful participation of civil society and theprivate sector in the development of environmental lawsand policies and in decision making which impacts theenvironment; Promote policy processes that build upon lessons learntand contribute to the development and integration ofbest practice; andSupport transparent integrated implementation of keyMultilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) andregional cooperation.

Environmental pplanningIntegrate environmental concerns into the SocialEconomic Development Plan and other economicdevelopment and poverty strategies;Provide guidance in the orientation and development ofNational Plans and Strategies; Demonstrate and build capacity in the use of integratedplanning tools; andPromote private sector engagement in adopting bestpractices for sustainable business.

Environmental sservicesManagement of ecosystem and protected areas for theprovision of environmental services through: Development of species conservation and managementprogrammes; Identify co-management approaches to address povertyalleviation for communities living in and around protectedareas to achieve livelihood and biodiversity conservation;andFinancial and incentive mechanisms to support provisionof ecosystem services.

Climate cchangeIdentify potential impacts and promote local initiatives toidentify adaptation strategies; Integrate climate change considerations into existingplanning mechanisms and tools; and Bring knowledge, understanding and best informationon the potential impact of climate change. Diagram of strategic approach

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4. Governance

Governance is about more than gov-

ernment. It is about relationships

between citizens, leaders and public

institutions. (DFID White Paper 2006)

Governance covers a wide range of

activities, including the development of

legal frameworks, building capacity for

government authorities and civil socie-

ty, strengthening institutional arrange-

ments, improving enforcement, and

developing incentive mechanisms for

environmental protection and natural

resources management.

4.1. Why Governance? - Improvingenvironmental management, sus-taining biodiversity and empoweringstakeholders

The Governance thematic programme incorporates allwork related to strengthening institutional capacity toeffectively manage natural resources. Governments,development agencies and the private sector widelyrecognise the importance of good governance to bothlong and short term management goals.

That sound natural resource management is linked topoverty reduction is also well recognised, but the ques-tion of how to ensure that natural resource managementpolicies and practices support poverty reduction and donot result in creating further hardship on the rural poorremains a challenge. There is relatively little nationalanalysis of the role that natural resources such as forest-derived resources play - or have the potential to play - inrural livelihoods; nor has there been much analysis ofwhat measures are required to capture such potential. Ofspecial importance in a country with a fast growingeconomy such as Viet Nam, is firstly the recognition inthe Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and GrowthStrategy (CPRGS) of the vulnerability of natural resourcesystems to degradation from macroeconomic policyshifts, and secondly the recognition of the potentialimpacts such degradation will have on the livelihoods ofthe rural poor. Ecosystem health and biodiversity mainte-nance are also indicators of effective governance.

With the recognition that some problems are too big to besolved by governments alone, multi-stakeholderapproaches that integrate contributions from government,civil society, the private sector, and other agencies arebecoming more prevalent. Climate change has, for exam-ple, created the need for a global multinational, multi-sec-toral, multi-stakeholder response. Addressing problems

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such as illegal logging is an important and specific multi-sectoral entry point where work can be done towardsachieving sustainable forest management, improved liveli-hoods, and benefits for many stakeholders.

4.2. Governance in Viet Nam

The Government of Viet Nam is advancing across manypolicy and legislative fronts including the Five Year Plan forNatural Resources and Environment Sector 2006-2010,the National Forest Strategy, and laws on environmentalprotection, biodiversity conservation, water resource man-agement, mineral exploitation and land allocation.

The Government is investing more resources than in thepast on natural resources and environment manage-ment, with 1% of state budget expenditure allocated tospending on environmental protection. However, themechanisms for disbursement of these funds need to beestablished with clear natural resource management andbiodiversity targets and clear action plans. It is also vitalthat the funding will actually address the problem ofoverlapping functions among related agencies - for suchan allocation would almost certainly result in improvednatural resource management/protection. This will assistin the definition of clear roles, responsibilities, and prior-ities. There is also a need to go beyond policy and reg-ulations to actual enforcement. Capacities for environ-mental governance urgently need strengthening at theprovincial level. Furthermore, piloting of models of effec-tive community-based management for the environmentcan demonstrate participatory governance in Viet Nam.

There is greater acceptance of the role of the privatesector, especially with Viet Nam's recent accession tothe WTO. Therefore, raising awareness, developingcooperation mechanisms, seeking compliance with envi-ronmental regulations and promoting best practice in theprivate sector will be increasingly important. Incentivemechanisms need to be developed that encourage envi-ronmentally-friendly enterprises and compliance withenvironmental regulations.

Public participation is a vital component of environmen-tal management. The Grassroots Democracy Decreecalls for participation with respect to issues such as landuse planning. The revised Law on EnvironmentalProtection (LEP) goes some way towards defining popu-lar rights relating to monitoring environmental quality.However, the specification of rights relating to public par-ticipation in monitoring pollution, and in the formulationand development of these monitoring programmes (suchas programmes that monitor the environmental impact ofindustrial development) may need to be included in leg-islation that is not exclusively environmental. Concrete

channels to enable the public to hold polluters account-able under the law are needed. In general, informationneeds to become more accessible to the public (a sen-timent also articulated in the revised LEP).

4.3. IUCN Viet Nam and Governance

Governance is an area in which IUCN Viet Nam canmake a difference. Since the early 1980s, IUCN hasbeen working on governance issues in Viet Nam, sup-porting the formulation of laws, strategies and actionplans including: the National Conservation Strategy(NCS) in 1984 -1985; the National Biodiversity ActionPlan (BAP) developed by the National EnvironmentAgency (NEA) (1993 -1996); the National Plan forEnvironment and Sustainable Development (NPESD) forthe period 1991-2000; and the five-year NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (2001-2005). Currently IUCNViet Nam is providing technical assistance in the formu-lation of the Biodiversity Law. In addition, efforts onForest Law and Environmental Governance (FLEG) arestrengthening approaches to forest management.

Building on its long-term experience and engagementwith the government, and on the growing recognition ofthe magnitude of current and future environmental chal-lenges, IUCN Viet Nam will promote effective multi-stake-holder approaches and partnerships to maintain and/orimprove management of natural resources. A specialconcern is to ensure that those who are dependent onnatural resources to meet their daily livelihood needs aregiven a stronger voice in natural resource management,especially so that they receive due rights and benefits.IUCN Viet Nam will promote environmental governancethat is sensitive to the needs of the poor, especiallywomen and minorities, on natural resources, and willseek to provide opportunities for improving livelihoods.

Around the world, many initiatives are introducing new modelsof sustainable conservation. Thanks to the global IUCN net-work of experts, IUCN Viet Nam can adapt and introducethese approaches to current and emerging environmentalissues in Viet Nam, in some cases working closely with othercountry programmes. IUCN Viet Nam's long-standing partner-ships with a number of Government agencies and close work-ing relationships with IUCN members and NGOs will alsomobilise national expertise and extensive experience towardsstrengthening environmental governance in Viet Nam.

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4.4. Governance objectives andstrategic directions

IUCN Viet Nam will work to build capacity towardsrecognising the importance of accountability andresponsiveness of public policies and institutions to thediverse needs of its citizens. It will:

1. PPromote ssustainable ddevelopment tthat iis mmeasured bbyclear eenvironmental iindicators oof tthe iimpacts tthat eeco-nomic ggrowth hhas oon VViet NNam's eenvironment:Assist in the development of standard national environ-mental indicators able to measure impact of developmenton the environment, natural resource and biodiversity.

2. DDevelop iincentive mmechanisms tthat eencourage ssus-tainable mmanagement aand uuse oof nnatural rresources aandbuild ccapacity aand ccommitment tto eenforcement oof eexist-ing eenvironmental llaws aand rregulationsProvide technical assistance for the development of lawsand regulations (e.g. Biodiversity Law, the Second BAPand Biodiversity Corridors Decree, the Law on Wetlands,and the National Action Plan on Climate Change; Provide technical assistance on law and the enforcementof regulations; andSupport development of incentive mechanisms - suchas Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or benefitsharing, - which encourage environmental protection.

3. EEnhance aand ssustain ccoordination aamong ggovernmentagencies oon kkey ppolicy aand iimplementation iissuesConvene multi-sectoral dialogues and working groupsand support the development of other mechanisms forcollaboration around specific issues such as waterresource management and natural resource manage-ment; andSupport efforts to institutionalise integrated multi-sec-toral planning and decision-making.

4. SSupport mmeaningful pparticipation oof ccivil ssociety aandthe pprivate ssector iin tthe ddevelopment oof eenvironmentallaws aand ppolicies aand iin ddecision-mmaking tthat iimpactsthe eenvironmentPromote tri-partite dialogues between the Government,the private sector and civil society on issues such as theimpact of forest policies on management; andRaise awareness on environment issues such as climatechange, trans-boundary illegal logging and wildlife trade.

5. PPromote ppolicy pprocesses tthat bbuild uupon llessonslearnt aand ccontribute tto tthe ddevelopment aand iintegrationof bbest ppracticesPromote participatory review of environmental manage-ment laws; and

Develop case studies from national to grass-root levelson the status and impact of current policy that focus onpolicy adoption, enforcement, delineation of responsibil-ities, potential for synergies and conflict resolution.

6. SSupport ttransparent iintegrated iimplementation oof kkeyMultilateral EEnvironmental AAgreements ((MEAs) aandregional ccooperation;Support the Government in the development of nationalpolicies and action plans to meet obligations of MEAs(e.g. initially the CBD, UNCCD, Ramsar Convention, andUNCCC);In wildlife trade issues, work in close collaboration withTRAFFIC where CITES matters are concerned;Recognise the GoV and its emerging influence on theworld affairs in multi-lateral dialogues; andSupport the meaningful participation of appropriatestakeholders in regional and global forums.

4.5. Principle partners: Governance

IUCN Viet Nam will maintain and strengthen cooperationwith key concerned partners in the country as well as inwithin the governance framework. In particular, IUCNViet Nam will:

Continue to work closely with relevant Government bodiesin respective fields to strengthen environmental governance.These include MARD, MONRE, MOFi, MPI and provincialPPCs;Coordinate with and support TRAFFIC's work withregards to strengthening wildlife trade laws and policies;Provide support to the Department of Environment,MONRE and the National Assembly in the developmentof the Law on Biodiversity and the development of regu-lations, by-laws and decisions that provide guidance onimplementation of the Law;Build capacity of agencies responsible for MEAs, with afocus on agencies relevant to the CBD, UNCCD,UNCCC and the Ramsar Convention;Support and draw linkages to, and building upon, thework TRAFFIC is undertaking with regards to buildingcapacity to implement CITES;Assist the MPI and the VCCI to promote "best practice" inthe private sector; andPromote the engagement and participation of civil socie-ty, NGOs, the media and local communities in gover-nance to ensure the transparency and accountability ofpolicy and decision-making processes.

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5. Integrating environmental planning intoeconomic growth

Viet Nam's economic development is

remarkable:

"This progress has been achieved as a

result of sustained reform efforts that

started 20 years ago. It is the expecta-

tion that GDP per capita will reach

US$1,100 by the end of the SEDP

2006-2010 period, putting Viet Nam on

the path to become an industrialized

country by 2020. Challenges

remain….. Ensuring sustainable devel-

opment is also a challenge..."

Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung

(Consultative Group meeting - Hanoi,

15/12/2006)

However, this growth has resulted in a

significant impact on its environment

as landscapes have been transformed

and natural resources degraded. The

future sustainable development of Viet

Nam will require the integration of the

maintenance of environmental services

into economic development planning

process.

5.1. Why integrate environmentalplanning into economic growth? -Harmonizing development and conservation

The Social Economic Development Plan (SEDP) 2006-2010 promotes the development and expansion of theindustrial, agro-forestry, fishing and tourism sectors.Industrial development relies upon the water supply,power supply, and other natural resources and services.As a result, demand on natural resources will continue toincrease during the industrialisation and modernisationprocess. A growing population and urban development isalso placing additional stress on the environment. Poorwastewater disposal is polluting rivers and water systemsand creating challenges in the management of waste.

Often, it is the poor that are more affected by environmen-tal degradation. Seventy percent of Vietnamese people arein rural areas, with many earning their living from the land,making them directly dependent on the quality and avail-ability of natural resources. Forest management policiesmust take into account the livelihoods of forest workers,local people who depend on 'non-timber forest products',crop farmers and cattle herders. Conservation should notcome at the expense of these people, many of whom areextremely poor. Local people need improved access toforests of various types, to sloping land for agriculture andto terraced land. Women and ethnic minorities in particularrequire more secure land tenure and better access toextension services and capital for livelihood development.

Some natural resources have been exploited to such apoint that they cannot be restored. Utilisation of naturalresources for economic development is often wastefuland destructive of the environment, with the cost of envi-ronmental improvement set aside to be addressed at alater stage in the development cycle. One of the primaryreasons for environmental degradation is a lack of prop-er planning, monitoring and management of naturalresources during economic development.

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Viet Nam is prone to natural disasters, including riverfloods, cyclones, and drought. More than one millionpeople require emergency relief each year. Global cli-mate change is likely to result in more erratic incidenceand intensity of cyclones, rain and drought. Plans mustbe developed to address these issues.

The social and economic elements of sustainable devel-opment are closely linked to the health of the environment.However, the consequences of development on the envi-ronment are often ignored. Over recent years, the environ-ment has gained additional attention; the creation of theNational Council on Sustainable Development has beenan important part of this process. The continued integra-tion of the environment into development planning isessential for such a fast-growing country as Viet Nam.

5.2. Viet Nam and environmentalplanning for economic growth

The Government's focus areas in relation to naturalresources and the environment have been set out in theSEDP 2006-2010. These include the development of:

Law on Biodiversity and revised Biodiversity Law; revi-sion of the Law on Water Resources;Decree providing guidance on solving issues related to theissuing of specific land-use-rights certificates; on land recla-mation; and, on procedures of land compensation andresettlement support when land is taken for use by the State;Master plan for a baseline survey of natural resourcesand natural minerals;Master plan for water resources and river basins andinventory and assessment of water resources;Master plan for a monitoring system for natural resourcesand the environment;Master plan for solid waste collection and treatment;Mechanisms and policies to support and implementAgenda 21 at ministerial, sectoral and local levels;Programmes and projects for pollution prevention, envi-ronmental protection and sustainable development; andMechanisms and policies to encourage investment innatural resources and environment protection.

In addition, there are a number of sectoral plans beingundertaken by sectoral agencies. These include:

Marine aand ccoastal: The Government's coastal andmarine priorities include: the development of a networkof 15 MPAs; the development of an ICM framework pro-viding guidance at both the national and the local level;reduction of poverty in local communities living in andaround protected areas; ecosystem-based aquaculturemanagement; and growth in the marine economy.

Water rresources mmanagement: Successful managementwill coordinate the development, allocation and use ofthe water resources, will outline clear institutionalarrangements, and will provide adequate and river basinplans. However, challenges remain, including a lack ofaccurate information and data and a lack of suitablemodels of integrated river basin management. Therefore,priorities of the Government include strengthening pro-tection, management and development of waterresources, the mitigation of adverse impacts caused bywater and the improvement of institutional arrangements.

Wetland mmanagement: Clear institutional arrangements areneeded. Therefore, priorities of the Government include thedevelopment of a mechanism for collaboration among sec-tors and consensus on common objectives for sustainablewetlands management. Public awareness on wetlandsshould be further raised. Financial and incentive mecha-nisms should be developed for wetlands management.

Forest mmanagement: The Forestry sector is regardedby the Vietnamese Government as a sector that plays avery important role in the protection of the environment,in biodiversity conservation, and in poverty reduction,which contributes to social stability, national defenceand security. The priorities for the period 2006 - 2020are outlined in the 2007 Viet Nam National ForestStrategy (VNFS). The main priorities are (i) to sustain-ably establish, manage, protect and use 16.24 millionha of land planned for forestry; (ii) to increase the forestcover up to 43% by the year 2010 and 47% by 2020;(iii) to ensure wider participation from various econom-ic sectors and social organisation in forest develop-ment and protection especially environmental servicessupply. There are 21 priority programmes proposed for2007 - 2010 in the VNFS including forest governance,environmental services, consolidation of the forestedprotected area system and NTFP development andconservation. In addition, the national NTFP strategysub-sector strategy has been developed.

23


5.3. IUCN Viet Nam and environmentalplanning for economic growth

Since the 1980's, IUCN has been providing assistance inthe development of a variety of policies and plans in VietNam. These have included National EnvironmentalAction Plans, a Biodiversity Action Plan, and a range ofother initiatives. This will remain an important focal areaof IUCN Viet Nam's country programme.

IUCN Viet Nam has also provided assistance in thedevelopment of approaches to aspects of IntegratedCoastal Zone Management (ICZM) through its partner-ship efforts with NOAA and the Ministry of Fisheries overthe past eight years. It is proposed that this approach isintegrated with MONRE's efforts for ICZM and compre-hensive technical support is provided to addresses thekey challenges in the coastal environment.

Additionally, IUCN Viet Nam has been promoting the useof an integrated water resources management (IWRM)strategy to address the issues of water management andto ensure that the concepts of environmental flows areincorporated into the planning process for waterresource management. The concept of E-flows (environ-mental flows) will be critical for ensuring that rivers andwetlands maintain their ecological function and services.

IUCN Viet Nam participated in the process of developmentof the Viet Nam National Forest Strategy and providedtechnical support to the development of the NationalNTFP Sub-sector Strategy. IUCN Viet Nam will continueto support the implementation of the VNFS.

To date the IUCN Viet Nam Programme has focused onworking with the public sector and local communities.However, there is recognition that the private sector is play-ing an increasingly important role in the development of VietNam. Similarly important, the private sector will play criticalrole in environmental protection and conservation. In theperiod 2007-2010, the IUCN Viet Nam Strategic Frameworkwill seek to engage the private sector in a range of initia-tives, including the promotion of best practices.

IUCN Viet Nam worked closely with the Government of VietNam and the subsequent work on the establishment ofNational Council for Sustainable Development and theimplementation of Agenda 21. IUCN efforts have focussedon identifying the issues associated with poverty and theenvironment. It will seek to build upon these initiatives toattempt to identify approaches whereby environmental con-cerns can be integrated into the Comprehensive PovertyReduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS) and the SocialEconomic Development Plan (SEDP).

5.4. Environmental planning for economicgrowth: objectives and strategic directions

In line with Government priorities and in order to addressfuture needs of the country, IUCN Viet Nam's strategicapproaches are as follows:

1. IIntegrate eenvironmental cconcerns iinto tthe SSocialEconomic DDevelopment PPlan aand oother eeconomic ddevel-opment aand ppoverty sstrategiesIn partnership with the Government and civil society,identify environmental indicators and indictors ofecosystem health;Assist in the development of environmental baselines forimportant ecosystems and habitats and monitoring theimpacts of the development process;Promote successful approaches and draw experiencefrom less successful approaches; Assist in integrating obligations under MultilateralEnvironmental Agreements (MEAs) into the nationaldevelopment planning processes; andMainstream best practices into policy.

2. PProvide gguidance iin tthe oorientation aand ddevelopmentof NNational PPlans aand SStrategiesProvide technical advice in the development of plansand strategies such as the Biodiversity Action Plan; Provide technical advice and review of the developmentplans for the period 2011-2015 for relevant sectors toensure comprehensive integration of key environmentalconcerns; Develop a strong communities and livelihoods pro-gramme through pilot sites and working with partners,with a view to mainstreaming successful approaches intothe development planning process; Promote livelihoods-linked initiatives/ benefit sharingmechanisms; Convene efforts from IUCN members and NGOs for par-ticipation in the planning process; and Disseminate lessons learnt and global experience.

3. DDemonstrate aand bbuild ccapacity iin tthe uuse oof iintegratedplanning ttoolsPromote the development of Integrated Coastal ZoneManagement (ICZM) as a model of an approach for inte-grating the provision of ecosystem services into the plan-ning process; Promote the development of river basin managementthrough the establishment of River Basin Organisationsas a method to balance water use;Ensure that environmental flows (E-flows) are integratedinto the planning process;Develop and demonstrate partnership models for inte-grated water resources management (IWRM);

24


Convene dialogue and cooperation between govern-ment and national and international organisations, NGOsand civil society on EIAs and SEA; Assist in the development and implementation of suit-able approaches to Strategic Environmental Assessmentin Viet Nam to ensure SEA is implemented in a compre-hensive manner; and Continue to provide support in the review and refinementof the Protected Area System in Viet Nam to ensure thatit achieves objectives and becomes a key tool in theconservation of biodiversity in Viet Nam.

4. PPromote pprivate ssector eengagement iin aadopting bbestpractices ffor ssustainable bbusinessPromote private sector participation in planning to devel-op best practice in environmental management; Develop incentive mechanisms for compliance withexisting legislation to minimise impacts on the environ-ment; andPromote dialogue between government and private sec-tor on environmental issues.

5.5. Principle partners: Environmentalplanning for economic growth

IUCN Viet Nam has been working with a range of agen-cies to develop a strategy to promote environmentalplanning for economic growth. IUCN Viet Nam will main-tain partnerships with related departments of the respec-tive ministries including:MONRE (relevant to the Biodiversity Law, IntegratedCoastal Zone Management, water management, and theNational Wetlands Support Programme);MARD (relevant to the implementation of the VNFS, thedevelopment of the NTFP Sub-Sector SupportProgramme, to forest fire management and the manage-ment of Special Use Forests, and to the Water for Foodand Ecosystems Programme) MOFI (relevant to the Marine Turtle ConservationNational Action Plan, the National MPA system and thepromotion of ICZM);Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) (relevant toAgenda 21 and to the integration of environmental con-cerns into development planning and sustainable devel-opment);Continue to work with provinces to promote provinciallevel environmental planning for field activities.Provinces include Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Ha Tinh, KienGiang, Thua Thien - Hue, Long An, Hai Phong, Dong Nai,and Dong Thap and Khanh Hoa. New partnerships willalso be explored; Expand IUCN Viet Nam’s partnership to include otheragencies and organisations such as the VCCI and theprivate sector; andBuild a stronger membership base of IUCN members inViet Nam while continuing to work with current nationaland international NGO members.

25


6. Environmental services - maintaining ecosystemand biodiversity values

We all benefit from a multitude ofresources and processes that are sup-plied by natural ecosystems.Collectively, these benefits are knownas ecosystem services and includeproducts like clean drinking water,clean air and waste processing.Ecosystem services are distinct fromother ecosystem products and func-tions because there is human demandfor these natural assets. Services canbe subdivided into five categories: pro-visioning such as the production offood and water; regulating, such as thecontrol of climate and disease; sup-porting, such as biodiversity, nutrientcycles and crop pollination; culturalbenefits including spiritual and recre-ational ones; and preserving, whichincludes guarding against uncertaintythrough the maintenance of diversity.

Rapid economic growth has beendemonstrated to result in the significantloss of the ability of the environment tomaintain these services. The loss ofthese services is a loss of natural capi-tal for the country, a loss that urgentlyneeds to be addressed. In Viet Nam thecurrent period of development is criticaland attention must be paid to the main-tenance of functioning ecosystems.

6.1. Why Environmental services? -Maintaining ecosystem and biodiversityvalues

Viet Nam houses an immense diversity of coastal aandmarine eecosystems, including mangrove forests, coralreefs and sea grass meadows. These three habitats are ofhigh biological productivity, high biodiversity value, andare of critical ecological importance. In addition, thecoastal habitats play an important role in buffering theimpacts of natural disasters on local livelihoods andincome security through protection from storm surge,winds during typhoons, and are very relevant in the faceof climate change. However, the ability of these habitats tocontinue to provide services is diminishing. Recent initia-tives to create a national system of Marine ProtectedAreas (MPAs) are welcomed. Therefore, increased effortsare needed to identify critical habitats, afford protection tothe areas and develop plans for longer-term management.

Over the past 50 years, the once vast wetlands oof VViet NNamand its deltas have been converted to other uses. Theremaining natural wetlands comprise mangrove swampsand tidal mudflats, and seasonally inundated plains. Thewetlands of Viet Nam play a very important role in thenational economic development as a high proportion of thecountry's rice, fish, shrimp and other food production isderived from the wetland regions, particularly the RedRiver Delta in the North and the Mekong Delta in the South.In addition, the wetlands provide a range of ecosystemservices, including ground water recharge, flood controland water purification. Wetlands are critically important asstorehouses for globally endangered biodiversity.

Viet Nam had a total forest area of about 12.62 million ha(or 37% forest cover) in 2005. By use, forests in Viet Namare classified as Production Forests (35.6% of the totalforested area), Protection Forests (49.2%) and Special-Use Forests (15.3%). Forests provide tangible products

26


such as wood and NTFPs to support rural communitylivelihoods and contribute to local and nationaleconomies. Forests also provide environmental servicesthrough prevention of soil erosion, watershed protection,landscape beauty and wildlife for tourism, as well asserve as a carbon sink and a store of biodiversity.

6.2. Viet Nam and Environmentalservices

Viet Nam is undergoing a period of extremely rapid eco-nomic development. This development is characterisedby infrastructure development, conversion of natural envi-ronments to other uses and the increase in pollution in allforms. This is having a significant impact on the environ-ment by degrading many of the services it providesincluding clean air provision, removal of nutrients fromwater and the ability to protect biodiversity. As a result,biodiversity in Viet Nam is at severe risk. Urgent attentionneeds to be paid to protecting species and plans andactions developed for their protection. The establishmentof effective enforcement is part of this process.

Viet Nam has a number of options for approaches to takefor maintaining these important ecosystem services:

While the Protected AAreas ssystem is being reformed, andan integrated approach is being developed between thewetland, terrestrial and marine ecosystems, it is impor-tant that a comprehensive PA system is established toensure that all representative ecosystems and the serv-ices they provide are recognised; Habitat aand pprotected aarea mmanagement pplans for natu-ral and recovering ecosystems provide the opportunityto enhance the long-term benefits to be gained for futuregenerations. This will contribute to the maintenance ofgenetic diversity to provide benefits to the wider commu-nity and poor dependent rural populations; Species mmanagement pplans will foster stewardship andpro-active management for key species that are threat-ened or endangered. In promoting landscape levelapproaches to conservation, these plans also will serveto focus local, national and regional cooperation onachieving win-win solutions; and Incentives need to be created to maintain the values pro-vided by a healthy ecosystem. This may include the pro-vision of payments ffor eenvironmental sservices ((PES) toprotect the catchments of dams from erosion, or the pay-ment of incentive to resource users to maintain or useprivate land for provision of environmental services. PESis an example of one of the innovative financial mecha-nisms currently being used to promote the provision ofenvironmental services.

6.3. IUCN Viet Nam and Environmentalservices

The IUCN Viet Nam has been working over many years toassist Viet Nam to recognise and effectively manage envi-ronmental services provided by the various eco-systems inthe country. This has been principally in the following areas:

Eco-ssystem aand pprotected aarea ssite mmanagement: IUCNhas assisted in the development of the first comprehensiveMarine Protected Area (MPA) in Nha Trang Bay; providedtechnical assistance in the development of strategies formanagement of mangroves and other critical habitats;demonstrated a multidisciplinary approach to wetlandhabitat restoration plans for the grass-lands of the TramChim National Park in the Mekong Delta; and supportedthe establishment of an effective Marine Protected Areasnetwork to share information and collate best practices inmanagement.

Species cconservation pprogrammes aand sspecies aaction pplans:A range of species and habitats have been targeted in pastactivities of IUCN Viet Nam. These include the development ofthe National Marine Turtle Action Plan, and habitat restorationinitiatives in the Plain of Reeds that helped ensure the return tothe area of the critically endangered Sarus Crane. In addition,IUCN Viet Nam seeks to provide linkages between specialistsin Viet Nam and IUCN Commissions and Specialist Groups.

Poverty rreduction tthrough cco-mmanagement aand ssustainableuse ppractices iin aand aaround pprotected aareas: IUCN VietNam has been working with a range of partners to supportefforts to understand the linkages between environment,poverty and sustainable livelihood development. Recentlythis has included developing comprehensive baselines ofcommunity reliance on marine and coastal resources andon the development and implementation of credit schemeswhich contribute to local livelihood development. IUCNViet Nam has established and demonstrated communityinvolvement in resource and protected area management(Nha Trang Bay, Plain of Reeds, Thua Thien Hue and SongThanh Nature Reserve - Quang Nam).

Financial mmechanisms ffor tthe pprovision oof eenvironmentalservices: IUCN Viet Nam has assisted the development ofsuch approaches by undertaking economic studies on inno-vative financial mechanisms for protected area manage-ment (case studies conducted in Ba Be and Yok Don NPs,Nha Trang Bay MPA, and Na Hang Nature Reserve); by pro-viding training for key stakeholders on the concept ofPayments for Environmental Services in conjunction withAsian Regional Biodiversity Conservation Program(ARBCP); and by supporting the economic valuation of keyenvironmental services provided by the environment (asstudied in Tam Giang - Cau Hai Lagoon).

27


6.4. Environmental services:objectives and strategic directions

IUCN Viet Nam is committed to working with its partnersto provide high quality advice to promote recognition ofthe importance of environmental and eco-system servic-es in the development plans for Viet Nam. In addition,IUCN Viet Nam will continue to contribute to approachesfor promoting ecosystem and species managementthrough providing support to the PA system andstrengthening ecosystem and species management.This will be achieved through the following objectivesand strategic directions for 2007-2010:

1. MManagement oof eecosystem aand pprotected aareas fforthe pprovision oof eenvironmental sservices tthrough:Building capacity of relevant government agencies fornational benchmarking of the status and health of vari-ous ecosystems, habitats and biodiversity (such as wet-lands, seagrass, coral reefs, and forests) in Viet Nam toprovide a basis for monitoring the health of ecosystemsin Viet Nam and development of strategies for critical,endangered and fragile ecosystems;Demonstrating initiatives at site-level to enhance learn-ing and better integrate a multidisciplinary approach; Supporting the maintenance of an effective ProtectedAreas network to share information and collate bestpractices in the management to ensure PAs continue toprovide ecosystem services; andDemonstrating cross-sectoral approaches for integratingenvironmental concerns into sectors such as agricultureand water through initiatives that address issues of thesustainable development, poverty reduction and foodsecurity. One such project is the "Water for Food andEcosystems" - Viet Nam-Netherlands Water Partnership.

2. DDevelopment oof sspecies cconservation aand mmanage-ment pprogrammesContinue support for the National Marine Turtle Action Plan; Support programme development and dissemination ofeducation materials for species conservation and manage-ment programmes; Provide linkages between specialists in Viet Nam andIUCN Commissions and Specialist Groups for capacitydevelopment and the development of specific plans; and Mainstream species conservation into the national andprovincial planning processes.

3. IIdentification oof cco-mmanagement aapproaches ttoaddressing ppoverty aalleviation iin ccommunities lliving iin aandaround pprotected aareas iin oorder tto aachieve bbetter lliveli-hoods aand bbiodiversity cconservationDevelop and demonstrate poverty alleviation through co-management of resources within and around protectedareas to achieve both poverty alleviation and environ-mental goals; andDevelop innovative financial mechanisms for environ-mental services in which communities can receive pay-ment for protecting and/or improving watersheds.

4. DDevelopment oof ffinancial aand iincentive mmechanismsto ssupport pprovision oof eecosystem sservicesPromote wider and active participation of the economicsector and social organisations in forest protection anddevelopment to support the socialisation policy of theViet Nam Government;Develop and pilot approaches and train relevant author-ities in developing financial mechanisms for provision ofenvironmental services such as payment for environ-mental services. Such approaches seek to create incen-tives for improved environmental management through a"user pays" model that assists in off-setting the protect-ing of the environment for resource use;Pilot initiatives to test approaches to innovative financialmechanisms for protected area management whichreduce the financial burden on the central governmentfor PA funding while engaging other partners - for exam-ple, new partners in the private sector partnerships tocollaborate with in the development of tourism and non-tourism related income opportunities;Undertake a series of studies on the valuation of keyenvironmental services provided by the environment;andSupport benefit-sharing mechanisms in forest management,infrastructure development and indigenous knowledge.

6.5. Principle partners: Environmentalservices

IUCN Viet Nam has a number of traditional partners inthe area of environmental services. The country pro-gramme will strengthen its cooperation with these keypartners and seek new partners as required to meet theoutputs. In particular, IUCN Viet Nam will continue tocontribute to existing partnerships including the VietNam Water Partnership, the National Wetlands SupportProgramme, and the Forest Sector Support Partnership(FSSP) as well as support other programmes such as theGulf of Tonkin Initiative and the Asian RegionalBiodiversity Conservation Programme (ARBCP).

29


7. Climate change - an adaptive approach

7.1. Why Climate change? - "An inconvenient truth"

The evidence of warming of the climate system isunequivocal. The climate appears to be changing with11 of the last 12 years (1995-2006) measured as amongthe 12 warmest years on record (IPCC 2007). Patterns ofseasons, widespread melting of snow and ice, and a ris-ing global average sea level (IPCC 2007) are just a fewof the changes that have already been observed. Themost severe impacts of climate change are limited to arelatively small number of countries. It is unfortunate thatViet Nam is one of those countries.

Over the last 10 years, the sea level is estimated to haverisen 3.1 mm per year (IPCC 2007). Continued growth ofgreenhouse gas emissions and associated global warm-ing could well promote a sea level rise of up to 1m-3m inthis century, and an unexpectedly rapid breakup of theGreenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might producea 5m SLR. Any rise in sea level will have severe impactson the Mekong and Red River Deltas of Viet Nam.

The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam has been committedto addressing climate change through internationalagreements such as the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Viet Namwas one of the original countries to sign this agreementin June 1992. The Kyoto Protocol (KP) is an agreementmade under the UNFCCC, launched at the ThirdConference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Kyoto,Japan in December 1997. Viet Nam signed the KP on 3December 1998, ratified it on 25 September 2002 andthis came into force on 16 February 2005. The KP pro-poses mechanisms to help developed countries achievethe objective of restricting greenhouse gas emissionsthrough International Emission Trading (IET) and theClean Development Mechanism (CDM).

Whatever happens to future green-

house gas emissions, we are now

locked into inevitable changes to

climate patterns. Adaptation to climate

change is therefore no longer a

secondary and long-term response

option only to be used as a last resort.

It is now prevalent and imperative, and

for those communit ies al ready

vulnerable to the impacts of present

day climate hazards, an urgent

imperative.

A Conceptual Framework Paper Prepared by theTask Force on Climate Change, VulnerableCommunities and Adaptation, 2006


30

7.2. Viet Nam and Climate change

Viet Nam, with a coastline of 3,260km and two of thelargest low-lying deltas in the world, is one of the mostvulnerable countries in the world to climate change.

A minimal 1 metre rise in sea level would potentiallyimpact on the livelihoods of 10.8 % of Viet Nam's popu-lation - especially in these deltas. If, as some of the longterm projections for the next century (see Figures 1 and2 below) suggest, sea level rises by 5 metres, Viet Nammay lose 16 % of its land area. About 35 % of the popu-lation and 35 % of GDP may be affected (WB 2007). Thisis a critical issue for Viet Nam both over the medium andthe long term.

Figure 1: Projection of percentage population by Sea level rise(Source: World Bank 2007: "The impact of sea level rise on developingcountries: a comparative analysis"*)

Figure 2: Areas in Viet Nam below one metre above current sea level(coloured in red) (Source: World Bank 2007: "The impact of sea level rise on developingcountries: a comparative analysis"*)

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7.3. IUCN Viet Nam and Climate change

The processes of adaptation in the face of climate changewill be a major focus of IUCN Viet Nam. It will be integrat-ed into all programmes and activities of the country pro-gramme and will also be the focus of specific efforts. Thiswill build upon the work that IUCN Viet Nam has undertak-en with the GoV over the last 20 years in the developmentof various plans and strategies, and specific studies.

At the global level, IUCN will continue to develop leadingedge knowledge on the potential impacts of climatechange with a particular focus on both biodiversity and thelinks to poverty. Often it is those with the least resourceswho are least able to adapt in the face of change.

IUCN Viet Nam will continue its efforts to support thetransfer of knowledge generated by the global scientificcommunity to all levels of government and the widercommunity. It will seek to identify areas of vulnerability toclimate change and to support the development ofstrategies and policies that enable adaptation. IUCN VietNam will also draw on the whole IUCN network to bringrelevant experiences gained all over the world to incor-porate into the national initiatives.

IUCN Viet Nam will work with rural communities, poten-tially affected by climate change, to identify solutions tolocal issues and problems. Experiences garneredthrough this process will be fed into provincial, regionaland national policy and planning processes, providingopportunities for local voices to be heard in the adapta-tion process.

In Viet Nam the impacts of climate change will initially berealised through changes in the seasonal climate in dif-ferent areas of the country. Rainfall and seasonal pat-terns will change, perhaps with longer annual drier peri-ods in some places. . While this may provide benefits insome areas, other areas may suffer from water shortagesresulting in loss of crops. This may in turn lead tochanges in the ability of rural communities to meet theneeds for their livelihoods.

Climate change will also impact on the biodiversity ofViet Nam. The ecosystems of Viet Nam and the protect-ed area system are housing species that are adapted toa specific seasonal pattern. Changes in the seasonalpattern will affect the ability for plant and animal speciesto cope and will change the habitats within particularecosystems. The small areas of individual protectedareas will make it difficult for biodiversity to adjust tothese changes in home range and species will be lost. Itmay have a more specific and detrimental impact onwetlands, coral reefs and other critical ecosystems.

The greatest challenge will, however, come from the risein sea level. This will first be seen as an increase infloods and temporary inundation during storms andtyphoons with storm surges challenging coastal barriers,water bodies and low-lying rice fields. As water levelincreases, inundation from the ocean may occur morefrequently until permanent inundation occurs. However, itis also recognised that physical barriers may be devel-oped to protect valuable farmland from inundation. Thiswill also have severe implications on the ecology of thecoastal areas.

Over recent years, climate change initiatives have beendeveloped in Viet Nam with many focused on disasterpreparedness. Additionally, some government agencieshave been charged with the responsibility to coordinateclimate change related initiatives. Dialogues are beginningto be initiated. However, the full gravity of the situation is yetto be recognised.

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7.4. Climate change objectives andstrategic directions

IUCN Viet Nam's strategy for the 2007-2010 will focus onstrategies for adaptation to the potential impacts of cli-mate change. IUCN Viet Nam will work with a range ofgovernment partners to initially understand the potentialimpact of climate change and to develop responsestrategies in line with GoV priorities that address thefuture needs of the country. IUCN Viet Nam will:

1. IIdentify ppotential iimpacts aand ppromote llocal iinitiativesto iidentify aadaptation sstrategiesIn collaboration with the government and other partners,identify the potential impacts of climate change in VietNam in coastal and mountainous areas, together withrural communities, with a particular focus on disadvan-taged and marginalised groups; Maintain existing partnerships and develop new partner-ships with agencies dealing with climate change to iden-tify mechanisms to address key adaptation issues; andEstablish baselines for particular ecosystems that canbe used to identify potential impacts of climate change.

2. IIntegrate cclimate cchange cconsiderations iinto eexistingplanning mmechanisms aand ttoolsIntegrate climate change into approaches for ICZM andassist in ensuring that appropriate information reachesdecision makers at all levels; Promote the integration of climate change considera-tions into water resource use and planning for environ-mental flows to ensure a comprehensive approach towater allocation; andPromote the harmonisation of climate change adaptationwith the Social Economic Development Plan of theGovernment.

3. BBring kknowledge, uunderstanding aand bbest iinformationon tthe ppotential iimpact oof cclimate cchangeConvene on issues related to climate change with relevantagencies, NGOs, and the private sector. Conduct commu-nication outreach to a wide audience on climate change,including environmental journalists and educators; andDraw on IUCN's international networks and knowledgegenerated with IUCN as a global knowledge organisationto provide knowledge on the impacts of climate change.

7.5. Principle partners: Climate change

IUCN Viet Nam will maintain and strengthen cooperationwith key concerned partners in the country and seek toassist in accelerating the climate change adaptationprocess. IUCN Viet Nam will:

Cooperate closely with government ministries such asMONRE, MARD, and MOFI and other related ministriessuch as Ministry for Transport & Communication, MOF,and the Viet Nam Administration of Tourism in buildingcapacity to address climate change adaptation; and Assist donors in the delivery of appropriate, sound, andreasonable approaches to addressing climate changeadaptation issues.

In the region, IUCN Viet Nam will:

Collaborate on climate change issues with regional multi-lateral institutions and initiatives including ADB-GMS,Mekong River Commission (MRC), the Southeast AsiaFisheries Development Centre (SEAFDEC), UNDP,UNEP, GEF, FAO and other key organisations; andFacilitate cooperation and knowledge exchange with theIUCN commissions and IUCN Global and AsianRegional Office programmes.

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Overview

Asia is the largest regional programme of the WorldConservation Union and hosts some 12% of the globalmembership.

The Secretariat of the Union operates seven CountryOffices, two regional Ecosystems and Livelihoods groupsbased in Colombo and Bangkok, and the Asia RegionalOffice in Bangkok, Thailand. In the region, IUCN is imple-menting more than 130 projects with some 500 staff. TheUnion has 157 members, government and non-govern-ment agencies, in 19 of the 23 countries from South toEast Asia and National Committees in Pakistan, India,Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Japan and South Korea.

The seven Country Programmes and two Ecosystemsand Livelihood Groups within the IUCN Asia region haveoperated towards the following objectives:

Knowledge about natural systems in Asia, and the socialand economic aspects related to their conservation andsustainable use, is improved;Participation of Asian stakeholders in internationalarrangements and processes that promote and supporteffective, efficient and equitable biodiversity conserva-tion is enhanced;Ecosystem uses in Asia are increasingly sustainable andmanaged to reconcile social, economic and environ-mental aims; andThe IUCN Programme and Policy in Asia is effectivelyand efficiently delivered.

Strategy

The Asia Regional Programme of the WorldConservation Union (IUCN) is implemented through astrategy of Knowledge, Empowerment, Governanceand Operations, wherein IUCN integrates, manages anddisseminates conservation knowledge, enhances thecapacity of people and institutions to plan, manage,conserve and use nature and natural resources in a sus-tainable and equitable manner while empowering themto participate in effective environmental governance atglobal, regional, national and local levels.

Annex 1. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Asia

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The development of this strategic framework was under-taken over a period of 10 months. It involved consulta-tions, discussions, international and external reviews, andinternal reflection. The process is briefly outlined below:

November 2006 - January 2007: Internal discussionsheld to identify our strengths and weaknesses as well asto identify opportunities and challenges January - March 2007: Government Partners consultedto review past cooperation, understand current initiativesand identify potential areas of cooperationJanuary - April 2007: IUCN Global Donor Survey (2006)reviewed with a special focus on specific feedback onthe IUCN Viet Nam ProgrammeJanuary - April 2007: Agencies providing support to thedevelopment sector in Viet Nam consulted, enabling areview of the current priorities and strategies of donorand multi-lateral development agencies and also provid-ing a greater understanding of the sector-wideapproaches being adopted by many agenciesApril - May 2007: Draft developed for circulation to par-ticipants in the above process May 2007: IUCN Viet Nam Strategic Framework finalised

This process revealed the following perceptions of IUCNViet Nam.

Strengths included: (i) good partnership with govern-ment; (ii) unique role as a Union; (iii) strengths in the fieldof legal and policy advice; (iv) access to a strong net-work of technical expertise; (v) enthusiastic, dedicatedand well respected staff; and (vi) solid framework for pro-grammes development.

Weaknesses included: (i) limited visibility and perceivedunclear role; (ii) being reactive, rather than pro-active, tothe needs of Government; (iii) not meeting expectationsin the provision of leadership in the conservation andenvironmental management sector; (iv) projectdependent financing; (v) gaps in programme technicalexpertise; (vi) traditional direct execution (DEX), (vii)project-based approaches.

Opportunities include developing programmes in envi-ronmental governance, focussing on development-con-servation-link programmes, trans-boundary and regionalinitiatives, emerging areas such as agro-biodiversity,PES, and Business and Biodiversity Partnerships. Otheropportunities included bringing new approaches into theenvironment and development dialogue through coordi-nating and convening with IUCN members, NGOs andother agencies in Viet Nam.

Threats included shifting of IUCN's traditional niches,changes in donor funding approaches, present relianceon project funds, growing competition, limited partner-ships with the private sector, and the need to build thetechnical capacity of the programmes.

In summary, there were over 50 separate internal andexternal interviews, meetings and discussions with vari-ous stakeholders in this process. IUCN would like tothank all those who participated and provided support.These agencies include:

Asian Development Bank (ADB)AusAidBirdlife InternationalCenter for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies(CRES)Danish International Development Agency (Danida)Department for International Development (DFID), BritishEmbassyDepartment of International Cooperation, Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development (MARD)Department of International Cooperation, Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment (MONRE)Department of Environment, Ministry of NaturalResources and Environment (MONRE)Development Cooperation Section, Irish EmbassyDepartment of Environment (DOE), Ministry of NaturalResources and Environment (MONRE)Department of Forestry (DOF), Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Development (MARD)

Annex 2: Stakeholder consultation process

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European Union (EU)Fauna and Flora International (FFI)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)Forest Protection Department (FPD), Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development (MARD)Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)Institute of Ecological Economy (Eco-Eco)Ministry of Fishery (MoFI)Scientific Cooperation Section, French EmbassySwedish International Development Agency (Sida)The Netherlands Development Organization (SNV)TRAFFIC Southeast AsiaUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)United States Agency for International Development(USAID)Viet Nam Environment Protection Agency (VEPA)Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment(MONRE)Winrock InternationalWorld Bank (WB)World Wide Fund (WWF)

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Agenda 21 of Viet Nam. August, 2004.

Aid and Environment: Building Resilience; Sustaining Growth. AFramework for An Environmental Strategy for Australian Aid.April, 2007.

Country Partnership Strategy 2007-2011. World Bank. January,2007.

Annual Report. IUCN Asia. 2005.

Country Strategy for Development Cooperation 2004-2008.SIDA Viet Nam.

Eliminating World Poverty: Making Governance Work for thePoor. DFID White Paper. July, 2006.

From Plan to Action: ACHIEVING SEDP TARGETS. Viet NamPartnership Report 2006. An Informal Report Prepared for theConsultative Group Meeting for Viet Nam. December, 2006.

Guidelines for Preparing IUCN Programme 2009-2012. October,2006.

Ha Noi Core Statement on Aid Effectiveness. June, 2005.

IPCC Summary Report for Policy Making, 2007.

IPCC Global Climate Projection, 2007.

IUCN Asia Donors and Partners Survey Report. 2006.

IUCN Laos Strategic Framework 2007-2010. Conservation forSustainable Livelihoods in Laos PDR - Refreshed Thinking.2007.

MDGs and Viet Nam's Socio-Economic Development Plan2006-2010. United Nations Country Team Viet Nam. November,2005.

National Forest Development Strategy 2006-2020. Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development. May, 2006.

National Resources and Environment Agenda 21. Second Draft.March, 2007.

National Capacity Self-Assessment Resource Kit. GEF.September, 2005.

NCSA Thematic Report on United Nations Convention onBiodiversity and Cartagena Protocol. MONRE. September,2005.

NCSA Thematic Report on United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. MONRE.September, 2005.

NCSA Thematic Report on the Implementation of United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification. MONRE. September,2005.

Strategic Plan 2004-2009. USAID. August, 2003.

The Five-Year Social Economic Development Plan 2006-2010 ofViet Nam. July, 2006.

The Reshaping of Japan's Official Development Assistance(ODA) Charter. November, 2004.

USAID White Paper. January, 2004.

Viet Nam - European Community Strategy Paper for Period 2007to 2013. EC. April, 2007.

White Paper on Irish Aid. Government of Ireland. September2005.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change andKyoto Protocol. MONRE. September, 2005.

NCSA Thematic Report on the Implementation of United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification. MONRE. September,2005.

Strategic Plan 2004-2009. USAID. August, 2003.

The Five-Year Social Economic Development Plan 2006-2010 ofViet Nam. July, 2006.

The Reshaping of Japan's Official Development Assistance(ODA) Charter. November, 2004.

USAID White Paper. January, 2004.

Viet Nam - European Community Strategy Paper for Period 2007to 2013. EC. April, 2007.

White Paper on Irish Aid. Government of Ireland. September2005.

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