itt final2.doc

7/24/2019 ITT final2.doc

1/57

INDIAN CULTURE

THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED

ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA

NAME: Akshay R Jain

ADDRESS: 303,mauli ku!a "l#$,su"hash %a#,

&hin&h%li!a#a,#%m"i'ali ()*

CONTACT: +0+3-.30/

RE1NO: 2RO0-4+3/

5RANCH CODE:2600

5ATCH CODE:06676.4

DATE:

SINATURE:

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INDIAN CULTURE

INDIAN CULTUREUNIT8 THROUH

DI9ERSIT8


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INDIAN CULTURE

INDE

in;%#u&;i%n

In#ian &%ns;i;u;i%n

Na;i%nal %%#

C=l="a;i%ns

Dan&=s in in#ia

TRANS?ORTATION IN INDIA

lan$ua$=s

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INDIAN CULTURE

INTRODUCTION-

The culture of India is the way of living of the

eole of India ! India"s languages#

religions#dance # $usic # architecture #

food # and custo$s di%er fro$ lace to

lace within the country!The Indian

culture# often la&eled as an

a$alga$ation of several cultures#sans across the Indian su&continent

and has &een &y a history that is

several $illennia old! India is one of

the world"s oldest civilisations!

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INDIAN CULTURE

INDIAN CONSTITUTIONA LI9IN

DOCUMENT

The Constitution of India is the

sure$e law of India ! It is a

living docu$ent# the

er$anent instru$ent which

$a'es the govern$ent syste$

wor'! The Constitution was adoted &y

the Constituent (sse$&ly on )*

Nove$&er +,,# and ca$e into e%ect

on )* .anuary +,/0!Dr! ($&ed'ar ishailed as the ri$e architect of the

Indian Constitution!The

Indian constitution is the

world"s longest

constitution! (t the ti$e ofco$$ence$ent# the

&%ns;i;u;i%n ha# 3+- a;i&l=s in

!a;s an# / s&h=#ul=s1 I; &%nsis;s %> alm%s; /0,000

)%#s1I; has 44/ a;i&l=s, 6 s&h=#ul=s an# +/

am=n#m=n;s1 On ;h= %;h= han#, ;h= Am=i&an

&%ns;i;u;i%n is ;h= sh%;=s;1I; ;%%k n=aly 3 y=as ;%

#a>; ;h= In#ian C%ns;i;u;i%n1.1 Th= na;i%nal=m"l=m %> In#ia )as a#%!;=# %n Januay 7, 6+-01

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INDIAN CULTURE

7


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INDIAN CULTURE

TH1 N(TION(L 2L(G

Th= Na;i%nal Fla$ is a h%i@%n;al ;i&%l%u%> #==!

sa%n (k=saia* a; ;h= ;%!, )hi;= in ;h=

mi##l=

an# #ak $==n a; ;h= "%;;%m in =Bual

!%!%;i%n1

Th= a;i% %> )i#;h %> ;h= ;h= )hi;= "an# is a na'y

"lu= )h==l )hi&h =!=s=n;s ;h= &haka1

Th= ;%! sa%n &%l%u, in#i&a;=s ;h= s;=n$;h an#

&%ua$= %> ;h= &%un;y1 Th= )hi;= mi##l= "an#

in#i&a;=s !=a&= an# ;u;h )i;h Dhama Chaka1

Th= $==n sh%)s ;h= >=;ili;y, $%);h an#

aus!i&i%usn=ss %> ;h= lan#1

I;s #=si$n is ;ha; %> ;h= )h==l )hi&h a!!=as %n ;h=

a"a&us %> ;h= Sana;h Li%n Ca!i;al %>Ash%ka1 I;s #iam=;= a!!%ima;=s ;% ;h= )i#;h %>

;h= )hi;= "an# an# i; has 4 s!%k=s1 Th= #=si$n %>

;h= Na;i%nal Fla$ )as a#%!;=# "y ;h= C%ns;i;u=n;

Ass=m"ly %> In#ia %n July 6+4.1

I; is =ally ama@in$ ;% s== ;h= 'ai%us &han$=s ;ha;

%u Na;i%nal Fla$ )=n; ;h%u$h sin&= i;s s;in&=!;i%n1 I; )as #is&%'==# % =&%$nis=# #uin$

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INDIAN CULTURE

%u na;i%nal s;u$$l= >% >==#%m1 Th= ='%lu;i%n %>

;h= In#ian Na;i%nal Fla$ sail=# ;h%u$h many

'i&issi;u#=s ;% ai'= a; )ha; i; is

;%#ay1

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INDIAN CULTURE

+


10/57

INDIAN CULTURE

INDI(N 31O3L1 CO41 IN (LL

5H(315 6 5I715

?EO?LE 2ITH

DIFFERENT CLOTHINIn#ia is a #i'=s= &%un;y )i;h #i==n;

&ul;u=s an# =li$i%ns1 Th= &us;%ms >%ll%)=#

"y In#ian !=%!l= 'ay a&%ss l=n$;h an#

"=a#;h %> ;h= &%un;y1Hin#uism, Islam, Sikhism, an# Chis;iani;y, a=

s%m= %> ;h= ma% =li$i%ns !=%!l= "=li='= an#

>%ll%)1 N%; %nly ;h= =li$i%n a=&;s ;h= )ay

!=%!l= ;hink, li'= an# #=ss "u; als% ;h= =$i%n

% ;h= s;a;= ;h=y "=l%n$ ;% has $=a; in% In#ian )%m=n

#='%i# %> &as;=, &==# an# &ul;u= is sai1

Sai (sa==* is a >%u ;% nin= ya#uns;i;&h=# $am=n; #a!=# in #i==n;

s;yl=san# )%n %n an u!!= s;i;&h=# $am=n;

&all=# &h%liG"l%us=Th%u$h sai is !%!ulaly "=li='=# ;% "=

;h= ;a#i;i%nal #=ss >% In#ian

)%m=n,;h== a= %;h= #=ss=s ;ha; a= =i;h==$i%n s!=&i& % &ul;u= s!=&i& )hi&h a=als% &%nsi#==# ;% "= !a; %> In#ian ;a#i;i%nal

#=ss=s 1 In ?una" ;h= ;a#i;i%nal #=ss is

Sal)a am==@ an# in Raas;han i; is a$a

Ch%li % als% kn%)n as L=h=n$a 1In =ala an %l#= '=si%n %> sai &all=#

Mun#um N=iya;hum is ;h= ;a#i;i%nal #=ss,

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INDIAN CULTURE

)h== Mun#u >%ms ;h= l%)= $am=n; an#

N=iya;hu is ;h= u!!=$am=n;1

In %;h= !a;s %> ;h= &%un;y ;h= m%s; !%!ula

;a#i;i%nal #=ss is sai )hi&h is#a!=# in a 'ai=;y %> s;yl=s1 F% =am!l=, in

Mahaash;a ;h= ka&hha s;yl=111H%)='=, )i;h ;im= ;h= s=ns= %> #=ssin$ is

='%l'=#1 Du= ;% >a&;%s lik=$l%"alisa;i%n an# )=s;=nisa;i%n, ;%#ays

)%m=n ;ak= a m%#=n a!!%a&h )h=n i;&%m=s ;% #=ss1 E&=!; >% ;h= %l#=

$=n=a;i%n )h% a= &%ns='a;i'= an#%;h%#%, ;h= sai has "==n !%!ulaly =!la&=#

"y Chui#hau;a an# ;h= Sal)aam==@ 1 2%m=n %> alm%s; all ;h= a$=s

s;a;in$ >%m 6/ y=as %l# ;% +0 y=as %l#

!=>= #=ssin$ in Sal)aa am==@ >% ;h=i#ay ;% #ay li>=1 Th= ;a#i;i%nal$am=n; u;hi is )%n as a ;%! %n =ans )hi&h

$i'=s a &asual )=s;=n l%%k )hil=s;ill has ;h= &%ns='a;i'= =l=$an&= %> In#ian

)=a ku;ha1Th== is y=; an%;h= &lass %> In#ian )%m=n

)h% ha'= ;ak=n a l=a! ;%)a#sm%#=nisa;i%n1 Th=s= a= a$ain a s=&;i%n %>

>=mal=s a$=# "=;)==n 6/ an# +0 )h%a= m%= in;h= =$i%ns1 Th=y "=li='= in &%n;=m!%ay

>ashi%n an# a= m%= )=s;=nis=#1?an;s, ski;s, minis, y%u nam= i; an# ;h=y )=a

i;

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INDIAN CULTURE

Hia" Muslim)%m=n )=a i; as !a; %> ;h=i

;a#i;i%n1 I; is a l%n$ an# l%%s=#=ss usually "la&k in &%l%u, $%)n lik= %u;=

$am=n; )hi&h is =i;h= )%n %nsai % Sal)aa am==@1 I; is !ai=# )i;h a

"la&k h=a# #=ss )hi&h has a "la&k;ans!a=n; >a&= &%'= a;;a&h=# ;% i;1)ha; #% in#ian m=n )=aM=n, y%u &an ha#ly n# In#ian m=n )=ain$

;a#i;i%nal #=ss in ;h= &%un;y;%#ay1 Only #uin$ s!=&ial %&&asi%ns lik=

)=##in$s % >=s;i'als y%u )ill "= a"l= ;%n# mal= s=&;i%n %> ;h= In#ian s%&i=;y in

;a#i;i%nal In#ian #=ss=s 1 5u; y=s, inual !a;s %> In#ia an# &%un;a"l= num"= %>

s=ni% &i;i@=ns &an "= s==n in;a#i;i%nal #=ss as !a; %> ;h=i #aily li>=1

Th= ;a#i;i%nal #=ss >% In#ian m=n =ss=n;ially

is Dh%;i !ai=# )i;h u;a an#an#hi T;%!i % Oa$i 1 Dh%;i is a si >==;

uns;i;&h=# $am=n; )%n in a !a;i&ulas;yl= )hi&h $i'=s ;h= !an; ==&; a;h=

;han a ski; ==&; I; is !ai=# )i;h as;i;&h=# u!!= $am=n; &all=# u;a

)hi&h is n%mally l%n$= ;han a shi;

)i;h;)% sli;s %n =a&h si#=1 A ;a#i;i%nal

In#ian mans #=ss is in&%m!l=;=

)i;h%u; ah=a# #=ss1 A N=hu ;%!iG&a! % a

!=;ahG!a$iG;u"an a&&%m!ani=s #=!=n#in$ %n;h= &ul;u= an#G% =li$i%n1Sh=)ani is an%;h=

;y!= %> #=ss )i;h a l%n$ "=l%) ;h= kn== a&k=;

s;yl=# &%a; %

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13/57

INDIAN CULTURE

u;a 1 I; is usually )%n )i;h ;i$h; ;;in$

!yama lik= !an;s &all=# &hui#as an#s%m=;im=s a s&a> is a##=# ;% ;h= a;;i=1

A$ain ;h== a= 'aia;i%ns in ;his ;a#i;i%nal#=ss #=!=n#in$ %n =$i%n an#=li$i%n1 u;a?iama, Lun$ishi; )hi&h is

!%!ula in s%u;h In#ia =s!=&iallyTamil Na#u an# uaa;i #=ss )hi&h has a

;y!i&al s;yl= %> !an;s an# a >%&k s;yl=

u;a15u; >%m ;h= ;im= a>;= ;h= 5i;ish ul=

m=n in In#ia ha'= a#%!;=# ;% ;h= !an;shi;

&ul;u=1 T%#ay y%u &an s== ;h=m in =ans,

>unky hal> !an;s, shi;s an# ;shi;s, sui;s an# su&h )=s;=n %u;;s1A##i;i%nally ;h= &%l%u, ;=;u= an# ma;=ial

a= #i'=s= as )=ll1 D=!=n#in$ %n=;hni&i;y an# &ul;ual !=>==n&=s #=ss=s an#

&%l%u &h%i&=s 'ay >%m %&&asi%n

;% %&&asi%n1 F% =am!l=, =# is &%nsi#==# asaus!i&i%us "y Hin#us >% manysa&=# %&&asi%ns an# >=s;i'als >% )%m=n,

in&lu#in$ >% a "i#= ;% "= mai=#12hi;= is )%n "y Hin#us >% m%unin$

)h==as Chis;ians )=a )hi;= ;%

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INDIAN CULTURE

)=##in$s1

64


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INDIAN CULTURE

31O3L1 8ITH DI221R1NT R1LIGION5-Religions in IndiaIn#ia is a lan# %> #i==n; =li$i%ns )hi&h a=

&haa&;=is=# "y 'ai%us =li$i%us !a&;i&=san#"=li=>s1 Th= s!ii;ual lan# %> In#ia has $i'=n

"i;h ;% many =li$i%ns su&h as Hin#uism,

Sikhism,Jainism an# 5u##hism1 Th=s= =li$i%ns

;%$=;h= >%m a su"$%u! an# a= kn%)n as

Eas;=n=li$i%ns1 Th= !=%!l= %> In#ia ha'= a s;%n$

"=li=> in =li$i%n as ;h=y "=li='= ;ha; ;h=y a##m=anin$ an# !u!%s= ;% ;h=i li'=s1 Th=

=li$i%ns h== a= n%; %nly &%nn=# ;% "=li=>s

"u; als%in&lu#= =;hi&s, i;uals, &==m%ni=s, li>=

!hil%s%!hi=s an# many m%=1 T%#ay, a )i#=

an$= %>=li$i%ns a= !a&;i&=# in In#ia:Hin#uism

Th= ma%i;y %> ;h= !%!ula;i%n in In#ia!a&;i&= Hin#uism )hi&h is ;h= m%s;an&i=n; =li$i%n in ;h= &%un;y1 As !=C=nsus 066, a"%u; /0K In#ian!a&;i&= Hin#uism1 S%m= !a&;i;i%n=s

%> ;his =li$i%n &all i; Sana;an Dhaam,a ;=m !%!ulais=# "y Maha;maan#hi1 Ramayana an# ;h= 5ha$a'a#==;a a= ;h= h%ly "%%ks %> ;h=Hin#us1 Th= Hin#us "=li='= an#!a&;i&= ;h= !in&i!l=s %> ;h= 9=#asan# ;h= U!anisha#s1 Th=i !la&= %>)%shi! is kn%)n as T=m!l=

(D='as;hanam % Man#i in Hin#i*1

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INDIAN CULTURE

Th=y )%shi! ;h= i&%n % mu;is )hi&h is

&%nsi#==# as a = %#1 5u;, ;h=

Hin#us

)h% "=l%n$ ;% ;h= Aya Sama #% n%; !a&;i&=i#%l)%shi!1 Th== is a sys;=m %> sym"%lism

inHin#uism ;h= s)as;ika si$n sym"%lis=s

aus!i&i%usn=ss an# ;h= sylla"l= Om =!=s=n;s

?aam5ahaman1 2i;h =>==n&= ;% ;h= Hin#u

my;h%l%$y, ;h== a= many Hin#u >=s;i'als lik=Di)ali,H%li, 5ihu, an=sh Cha;u;hi, Du$a ?ua an#

many m%= )hi&h a= &=l="a;=# in ;h=

&%un;y1Islam

Th= Muslims >%ms a%un# 63K %> ;h=

!%!ula;i%n %> In#ia, as != C=nsus 0061 I; is

;h= s=&%n#la$=s; =li$i%n in ;h= &%un;y an# i;s >%ll%)=s

a= kn%)n as Muslims1 Th=y a= #i'i#=# in;%su" s=&;i%ns, m%s; >am%us "=in$ Sunnis an#

Shias1 Th= h%ly "%%k %> ;h= Muslims is ;h=uan ;h=y "=li='=

an# >%ll%) ;h=

;=a&hin$s %> ?%!h=;Muhamma#1 In Islam,

Ha is an annual!il$ima$= in M=&&a

)hi&h has ;% "= &ai=# %u; a; l=as; %n&= "y

='=y !hysi&ally an#nan&ially &a!a"l= Muslim in his li>=;im=1

S%m= %> ;h= ma% Islami& >=s;i'als &=l="a;=#in In#ia

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INDIAN CULTURE

a= Ei#ulFi;, Ei#uluha an# Muhaam1Sikhismuu Nanak >%un#=# Sikhism in In#ia #uin$

;h= 6-;h &=n;uy in ;h= ?una" =$i%n1 uuan;hSahi" is ;h= h%ly "%%k %> ;h= Sikhs )hi&h is a

&%ll=&;i%n %> ;h= )i;in$s %> ;h= uu1 Th=

Sikhs&%ns;i;u;= a"%u; K %> ;h= !=%!l= %>

In#ia as != ;h= &=nsus 0061 Th==

a= n% >=s;i'als inSikhism in !a;i&ula, "u; s%m=

>=s;i'i;i=s a= $=n=ally &=l="a;=#

%n "i;h#ays % ma;y#%m %>Sikh uus1 uu!ua"s, 5aisakhi, Na$a

i;an, H%la M%halla a= s%m= %> ;h= >=s;i'als

an#='=n;s &=l="a;=# "y ;h= Sikhs1 Th= =li$i%us

"=li=>s %> ;h= Sikhs #% n%; >a'%u >as;in$ %$%in$;% ;h= !il$ima$=s1 In In#ia, ma%i;y %> ;h=

Sikhs =si#= in ?una" an# ;h=i la$=

&%mmuni;yli'=s in ;h= n=i$h"%uin$ s;a;=s15u##hism

5u##hism )as >%un#=# in In#ia "y Si##ha;haau;ama als% kn%)n as 5u##ha1 Th=

5u##his;s&%ns;i;u;= %nly a"%u; 6K %> ;h= ;%;al

!%!ula;i%n %> ;h= &%un;y1 Th=y "=li='= in ;h=

&%n&=!;s %>Samsaa, ama an# R="i;h, an# !a&;i&= ;h=

;=a&hin$s %> 5u##ha1 5u##hism "=li='=s in

6.


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INDIAN CULTURE

a;;ainin$ =nli$h;=nm=n; ;h%u$h l%'=,

kin#n=ss an# )is#%m1 Th= 5u##his;s "=li='= in

#='%;i%n

)hi&h is als% an im!%;an; !a; %> ;h=i!a&;i&= %> ;his =li$i%n1 ?il$ima$=, "%)in$,

&han;in$an# %=in$s a= s%m= %> ;h= #='%;i%nal

!a&;i&=s >%ll%)=# "y ;h= 5u##his;s1 5i;h#ay

%>5u##ha (als% kn%)n as 9=sak*, Asalha ?ua

Day, Ma$ha ?ua Day an# L%y a;h%n$ a=s%m=%> ;h= >=s;i'als &=l="a;=# "y ;h= 5u##his;s1

JainismJainism is "=li='=# ;% ha'= %i$ina;=# in In#ia

in ;h= .;h-;h &=n;uy 5CE an# )as >%un#=#

"yMaha'ia1 This =li$i%n "=li='=s in ;h= ;h=%l%$y

%> s=l> a;h= ;han %#1 I; >%ll%)s ;h= !in&i!l=s%>

ahimsa (n%n'i%l=n&=*, a!ai$aha (n%n

!%ss=ssi'=n=ss* an# an=kan;a'a# (n%n

a"s%lu;ism*1

6/


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INDIAN CULTURE

A min%i;y %> In#ian !%!ula;i%n (a"%u; 01-K*

!a&;i&= Jainism, as != &=nsus 0061 As !=

;h=

his;%y %> Jains, ;h== )== ;)=n;y>%u!%!a$a;%s %> ;h= =li$i%n )h% )== kn%)n as;i;hankaas, Risha"h )as ;h= s; )hil=

Maha'ia )as ;h= las;1 Th= >%ll%)=s %> ;his

=li$i%nun#=;ak= '= '%)s %> ahimsa, sa;ya, as;=ya,

"am&haya an# a!ai$aha1 Maha'ia Jayan;i,?ayushana ?a'a, Di)ali an# Mauna$iyaa

a= s%m= %> ;h= >=s;i'als &=l="a;=# "y ;h=

Jains1Chis;iani;yAs != his;%i&al "=li=>s, Chis;iani;y &am= ;%

In#ia a"%u; 000 y=as a$%1 I;

&%ns;i;u;=s a"%u;13K %> ;h= ;%;al !%!ula;i%n %> ;h=

&%un;y, a&&%#in$ ;% &=nsus 0061Chis;ian !%!ula;i%n &an"= >%un# all %'= ;h= &%un;y "u;

ma%i;y %> ;h= !=%!l= )h% "=l%n$ ;% ;his

=li$i%us s=&;i%nli'=s in ;h= !a;s %> S%u;h In#ia, N%;hEas;

an# ;h= %nk%n C%as;1 Th= Chis;ians )%shi!

an#"=li='= in J=sus Chis;, )h%m ;h=y &%nsi#= as

;h= sa'i%u %> humani;y an# ;h= s%n %> %#1Chis;mas is ;h= ma% >=s;i'al %> Chis;ians1

%%# Fi#ay, All S%uls Day an# Eas;= a=

s%m=%;h= >=s;i'als &=l="a;=# "y ;h= !=%!l= %> ;his

=li$i%n in ;h= &%un;y1O;h=s

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INDIAN CULTURE

Ju#aism an# %%as;ianism a= als% !a&;i&=#

"y min%i;y !%!ula;i%n in ;h= &%un;y1

A&&%#in$

;% Ju#aism, ;h== =is;s a &%'=nan;=la;i%nshi! "=;)==n %# an# J=)ish !=%!l=1

On= %> ;h=min%i;y $%u!s in ;h= &%un;y, %%as;ianism

&%nsi#=s ;ha; humans a= ;h= h=l!=s %> %#1Th= !=%!l= )h% >%ll%) %%as;ianism a=

kn%)n as ?asis an# ;h%s= )h% >%ll%) Ju#aism

a=&all=# J=)s1Al;h%u$h, #i==n; =li$i%ns a= !a&;i&=# in

In#ia, ;h= s=&ula an# s%'==i$n na;u= %> ;h=

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INDIAN CULTURE

&%un;y =mains in;a&;1 In >a&;, all =li$i%ns

&%ll=&;i'=ly !lay an im!%;an; %l= in

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INDIAN CULTURE

main;ainin$ ;h= ham%ny, &ul;u=111


23/57

INDIAN CULTURE

3oulation- Nu$&ers 93er

cent of the

oulation:Hindu ,*!*; crore 9:4usli$ +:Christian )!:5i'h )!0= crore 9+!:?uddhist 0!= crore 90!:

.ain 0!/ crore 90!>:Other Religions 63ersuasions 9OR3: 0!:

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INDIAN CULTURE

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INDIAN CULTURE

31O3L1 8ITH

DI221R1NT 2OOD5-Th= ;a#i;i%nal >%%# %> In#ia has "==n )i#=ly

a!!=&ia;=#>% i;s >a"ul%us us= %> h="s an# s!i&=s1 In#ian

&uisin= iskn%)n >% i;s la$= ass%;m=n; %> #ish=s1 Th=

&%%kin$s;yl= 'ai=s >%m =$i%n ;% =$i%n an# is la$=ly

#i'i#=#

in;% S%u;h In#ian P N%;h In#ian &uisin= 1 In#iais Bui;=>am%us >% i;s #i'=s= mul;i &uisin= a'aila"l= in

a la$=num"= %> =s;auan;s an# h%;=l =s%;s, )hi&h

is=minis&=n; %> uni;y in #i'=si;y1 Th= s;a!l=

>%%# in In#iain&lu#=s )h=a;, i&= an# !uls=s )i;h &hana

(5=n$al am*"=in$ ;h= m%s; im!%;an; %n=1 In m%#=n

;im=s In#ian!all=;= has un#=$%n= a l%; %> &han$=1 In ;h=

las; #=&a#=, as a =sul; %> $l%"alisa;i%n, a l%;

%>In#ians ha'= ;a'=ll=# ;% #i==n; !a;s %> ;h=

)%l# an# 'i&= '=sa ;h== has "==n a massi'=in !=%!l= %> #i==n; na;i%nali;i=s in

In#ia1 This has =sul;=# in In#ianisa;i%n %>

'ai%usin;=na;i%nal &uisin=s1 N%)a#ays, in "i$ m=;%

&i;i=s %n= &an n# s!=&ialis=# >%%# %in;s %>

in;=na;i%nal &uisin=s15=n$ali F%%#

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INDIAN CULTURE

5=n$ali &uisin= is a!!=&ia;=# >% i;s >a"ul%us

us= %> !an&h!h%%n, a ;=m us=# ;% =>= ;%

;h=

'= =ss=n;ial s!i&=s, nam=ly mus;a#,>=nu$==k s==#, &umin s==#, anis==#, an#

"la&k &umins==#1 Th= s!=&ial;y %> 5=n$ali >%%# li=s in ;h=

!=>=&; "l=n# %> s)==; an# s!i&y li!

sma&kin$ #ish=s1 uaa;i &uisin= has s% mu&h

;%%= an# =a&h #ish has an a"s%lu;=ly #i==n;

&%%kin$

s;yl=1uaa;i

F%%#Th=

;a#i;i%nal

uaa;i >%%# is

!imaily '=$=;aian an# has a hi$h nu;i;i%nal

'alu=1 Th= ;y!i&aluaa;i ;hali &%nsis;s %> 'ai=# kin#s %> li!

sma&kin$ #ish=s1 uaa;i &uisin= has s% mu&h;%%= an# =a&h #ish has an a"s%lu;=ly #i==n;

&%%kin$ s;yl=1ashmii F%%#ashmii >%%# ;ha; )= ha'= ;%#ay in ;h=

=s;auan;s has ='%l'=# %'= ;h= y=as1 Hi$hly

in


27/57

INDIAN CULTURE

>=a;u=s %> ;h=

&%%kin$ s;yl=

a#%!;=# in C=n;al

Asia, ?=sia an#A>$hanis;an1Mu$hlai Cuisin=Mu$hlai &uisin= is %n= %> ;h= m%s; !%!ula

&uisin=s, )h%s= %i$in &an "= ;a&=# "a&k ;%

;h=;im=s %> Mu$hal Em!i=1 Mu$hlai &uisin=

&%nsis;s %> ;h= #ish=s ;ha; )== !=!a=# in;h=ki;&h=ns %> ;h= %yal Mu$hal Em!=%s1 In#ian

&uisin= is !=#%minan;ly in ?una" has an =n%m%us 'ai=;y

%> m%u;h)a;=in$ '=$=;aian as )=ll as n%n

'=$=;aian #ish=s1 Th= s!i&= &%n;=n; an$=s>%m minimal ;% !l=asan; ;% hi$h1 ?una"i >%%#

isusually =lish=# "y !=%!l= %> all &%mmuni;i=s1

In ?una", h%m= &%%kin$ #i=s >%m ;h==s;auan; &%%kin$ s;yl=1Raas;hani F%%#

Th= &uisin= %> Raas;han is !imaily

'=$=;aian an# %=s a >a"ul%us 'ai=;y %>

m%u;h)a;=in$#ish=s1 Th= s!i&= &%n;=n; is Bui;= hi$h in

&%m!ais%n ;% %;h= In#ian &uisin=s, "u; ;h=

>%%# isa"s%lu;=ly s&um!;i%us1 Raas;hanis us= $h==

>% &%%kin$ m%s; %> ;h= #ish=s1 Raas;hani >%%#

.


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INDIAN CULTURE

is )=ll kn%)n >% i;s s!i&y &ui=s an# #=li&i%us

s)==;s1S%u;h In#ian Cuisin=

Th= &uisin= %> S%u;h In#ia is kn%)n >% i;sli$h;, l%) &al%i= a!!=;i@in$ #ish=s1 Th=

;a#i;i%nal>%%# %> S%u;h In#ia is mainly i&= "as=#1 Th=

&uisin= is >am%us >% i;s )%n#=>ul miin$ %>

i&=an# l=n;ils ;% !=!a= yummy li! sma&kin$

#%sas, 'a#as, i#lis an# u;;a!ams1 kn%)n >% i;s

li$h;, l%) &al%i= a!!=;i@in$ #ish=s1 Th=

;a#i;i%nal>%%# %> S%u;h In#ia is mainly

i&= "as=#1 Th= &uisin= is

>am%us >% i;s )%n#=>ul

miin$ %> i&=an# l=n;ils ;% !=!a= yummy

li! sma&kin$ #%sas, 'a#as, i#lis an# u;;a!ams1

1

/


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INDIAN CULTURE

+


30/57

INDIAN CULTURE

30


31/57

INDIAN CULTURE

eole with di%erent

cele&rations-In#ia is a lan# %> >=s;i'als,

)h== !=%!l= >%m #i==n;=li$i%ns &%=is; ham%ni%usly1

Th= )i#= 'ai=;y %> >=s;i'als

&=l="a;=# in In#ia is a ;u=

mani>=s;a;i%n %> i;s i&h &ul;u= an# ;a#i;i%ns1

2hil= ;h= &=l="a;i%ns ha!!=n all %'= ;h=

y=a, O&;%"= ;ill Januay is ;h= ;im= )h=n ;h=

&%un;y &an "= s==n a; i;s 'i"an; "=s;1DI2ALIDi)ali, ;h= m%s; !%min=n; Hin#u >=s;i'al %>

In#ia, is &=l="a;=# )i;h a l%; %> !%m! an#

sh%)1 Duin$ ;his >=s;i'al %> li$h;s, h%us=s a=

#=&%a;=# )i;h &lay lam!s, &an#l=s, an# Ash%k

l=a'=s1 ?=%!l= )=a n=) &l%;h=s, !a;i&i!a;= in

>amily !ua, "us; &a&k=s, an# sha= s)==;s)i;h >i=n#s, >amili=s, an# n=i$h"%s1Th= >=s;i'al maks ;h= =;un %> L%# Rama,

al%n$ )i;h his )i>= Si;a an# "%;h=

Lakshmana, a>;= a l%n$ =il= %> 64 y=as1Si$ni&an&=:H%m=s #=&%a;=# )i;h >an&y li$h;s, &an#l=s

an# &lay lam!s,

"us;lin$ sh%!s an# mak=;s, an# =)%ks an#&a&k=s=y a;;a&;i%ns:

Th= #ak=s; n=) m%%n ni$h; %> a;ik m%n;h %>

;h= Hin#u lunis%la&al=n#a, )hi&h &%=s!%n#s ;% mi#O&;%"=

mi#N%'=m"= as != ;h= =$%ian

36


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INDIAN CULTURE

Cal=n#a2h=n:All %'= ;h= &%un;yHOLIAls% kn%)n as ;h=

>=s;i'al %> &%l%s, h%li

is %n= %> ;h= >am%us

>=s;i'als %> In#ia,&=l="a;=# )i;h a l%;

%> >='% a&%ss ;h=

&%un;y1 On ;h= ='=

%> H%li, !=%!l= mak=hu$= H%lika "%n=s an# sin$ an# #an&=

a%un# i;1 On ;h=#ay %> H%li, !=%!l=$a;h= in %!=n a=as an# a!!ly #y an# )=;

&%l%s %> mul;i!l= hu=s ;% =a&h %;h=,)i;h s%m= &ayin$ )a;= $uns an# &%l%=#

)a;= ll=# "all%%ns1I; si$ni=s ;h= 'i&;%y %> $%%# (?in&= ?ahla#*

%'= ='il (H%lika* an#;h= ai'al %> s!in$1Si$ni&an&=:H%lika "%n=, !layin$ )i;h &%l%s, an# "han$

;han#ai =y a;;a&;i%ns:Full m%%n (?unima* %> ;h= ?hal$un m%n;h %>

;h= Hin#u lunis%la &al=n#a,)hi&h &%=s!%n#s ;% ;h= m%n;h %> Ma&h %>

;h= =$%ian &al=n#aDussh=aDuss=ha, als% =>==# ;% as , is als% am%n$

;h= m%s; >am%us>=s;i'als %> In#ia1 I; is &=l="a;=# in #i==n;

>%ms &%un;y)i#=1 Ramlila(=na&;m=n;

3


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INDIAN CULTURE

%> s&=n=s >%m Ramayana* is h=l# ='=y)h==

>% 60 #ays1 I;s &ulmina;=# )i;h ;h= "unin$ %> hu$= =Q$i=s %> Ra'ana,

M=$hna;h an#kum"hakaan )hi&h is a =al s!=&;a&l= ;% s==19iaya#ashamiRa'an DahanI; &=l="a;=s ;h= #=a;h %>

;h= #=m%n kin$ Ra'ana a;

;h= han#s %>L%# Rama1

Si$ni&an&=:Hus;l= "us;l= %> ;h=

#=&%a;=# mak=;s, Ram

l==la a&;s, an# ;h="i$ ='=n; %> ;h= "unin$ %>

=Q$i=s %> Ra'ana, M=$hna#, an#

um"hakaan

=y a;;a&;i%ns:60;h #ay %> ;h= m%n;h %> Ash)in a&&%#in$ ;%

;h= Hin#u lunis%la &al=n#a,)hi&h &%=s!%n#s ;% S=!;=m"= % O&;%"= %>

;h= =$%ian &al=n#aNavratriNa'a;i >=s;i'al is &=l="a;=# "y all !=%!l=

;h%u$h%u; In#ia in #i==n; )ays1 In

uaa;, i; is a nin= #ay &=l="a;i%n %>=u'=na;in$ a"a ni$h;s an# hi$hly=n=$=;i& Dan#iya Raas #an&=s1 ?=%!l= a=

#=ss=# in "=au;i>ul, &%l%>ul ;a#i;i%nal&l%;h=s an# ;h= =n'i%nm=n; is '=y y%u;h>ul

an# in'i$%a;in$1I; =!=s=n;s ;h= &=l="a;i%n %> ;h= %##=ss

Am"a (?%)=* in nin=#i==n; >%ms1

33


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INDIAN CULTURE

Si$ni&an&=:Th= + #ays %> #an&= >=s;i'i;i=s in uaa;, ;h=

=Buisi;= Chaniya

Ch%lis (;a#i;i%nal ski; P "l%us=*, an# ;h=uaa;i &uisin= Sa"u#ana hi&h#i,Man#a'i ?aak, Sin$%#a ki h==, an# ?%;a;%

2a>=s=y a;;a&;i%ns:

Th= s; nin= #ays %> ;h=

m%n;h %> Ash)in

a&&%#in$ ;% ;h= Hin#u

lunis%la&al=n#a, )hi&h

&%=s!%n# ;% S=!;=m"=

% O&;%"= %> ;h=

=$%ian &al=n#aDurga 3u@aOn= %> ;h= im!%;an; >=s;i'als %> In#ia, Du$a

?ua is &=l="a;=# )i;h $an#=u "y5=n$alis, ;h%u$h%u; ;h= &%un;y1 Th= 60 #ays

%> >as;, >=as;, an# )%shi! %>%##=ss Du$a a= a&&%m!ani=# "y &ul;ual

s%n$s, #an&=s, an# #amas1 Hu$= an#"=au;i>ul Du$a i#%ls a= ma#= an# !la&=# in

s!=&ially ma#= a;is;i& 3andals(&an%!i=s*1 ?=%!l= #=ss in ;a#i;i%nal )=a

an# $% a%un# ;h= !an#al h%!!in$,!ayin$, an# >=as;in$1I; &%mm=m%a;=s L%# Ramas in'%&a;i%n %>

%##=ss Du$a "=>%=$%in$ ;% )a )i;h ;h= #=m%n kin$ Ra'ana1Si$ni&an&=:?lush !an#als, in&=#i"ly "=au;i>ul ;=n am=#

Du$a i#%ls, an# ;h=

34


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INDIAN CULTURE

!ua=y a;;a&;i%ns:60;h #ay %> Ash)ina shukla !aksha a&&%#in$

;% ;h= Hin#u lunis%la&al=n#a, )hi&h &%=s!%n#s ;% S=!;=m"= %

O&;%"= %> ;h= =$%ian &al=n#aGanesh Chaturthian=sh Cha;u;hi, an%;h= %n= %> im!%;an;

Hin#u =li$i%us >=s;i'als %> In#ia, is a60#ay aai %> &%l%>ul >=s;i'i;i=s1 Hu$=

han#&a>;=# an=sh i#%ls a= ins;all=# in

h%m=s % %u;#%%s, in !u"li& !an#als1?uas a= !=>%m=# in ;h= m%nin$ an#

;h=='=nin$1 Th= las; #ay is ;h= #ay %> 9isaan

imm=si%n %> an i#%l in a )a;="%#y1 Cul;ual a&;i'i;i=s %> sin$in$,

#an&in$, an# ;h=a;=, an# >== m=#i&al

an#"l%%# #%na;i%n &am!s a= h=l#1I;s ;h= "i;h#ay %> L%# an=sha, ;h=

=l=!han;h=a#=# %#1 Si$ni&an&=:Th= "=au;i>ully &a>;=# li>= si@=

i#%ls %> an=sha, an# ;h=imm=si%n &==m%ny=y a;;a&;i%ns:

Th= 4;h #ay %> ;h= s;>%;ni$h; (Shukla Cha;u;hi* in

;h= m%n;h %>5ha#a!a#a %> ;h= Hin#u lunis%la &al=n#a,

)hi&h &%=s!%n#s ;% Au$us; %S=!;=m"= %> ;h= =$%ian &al=n#a2h=n:

C=l="a;=# in ;h= s;a;=s %> Mahaash;a an#An#ha ?a#=sh )i;h >='%

3-


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INDIAN CULTURE

an# $ai=;yRa'sha ?andhanOn= %> ;h= >am%us >=s;i'als %> In#ia, Rakhi is

&=l="a;=# am%n$ Hin#u1 Si$ni>yin$;h= "%;h=sis;= "%n#in$, #uin$ Rakhi, ;h=

sis;= !=>%ms (!ay=*, a!!li=s, an# ;i=s akhi (a sa&=# ;h=a#* %n ;h=

"%;h=s )is; )ishin$ his )=ll "=in$1Th= "%;h=, in =;un, '%)s ;% !%;=&; ;h=

sis;=1 An%;h= >=s;i'al )hi&h hass;%n$ similai;y ;%

Rakhi is 5hai#%%)hi&h &%m=s us;

a>;= Di)ali1Aa;i;ilakI; sym"%li@=s ;h=

s;%n$ "%n#in$ %> a

"%;h= an# sis;=1Si$ni&an&=:

Th= i;ual %> Rakhi an# ;h= "i$h;ly #=&k=# u!

mak=;ssh%)&asin$ a &%l%u>ul 'ai=;y %> akhis an#

s)==;s=y a;;a&;i%ns:

Th= >ull m%%n #ay %> Sha'ana m%n;h %> ;h=

Hin#u lunis%la &al=n#a,)hi&h &%=s!%n#s ;% Au$us; %> ;h= =$%ian

&al=n#a2h=n:?a;i&ulaly in N%;h, C=n;al an# 2=s; In#ia1IDEi# is %n= %> ;h= ma% >=s;i'als %> In#ia >% ;h=

Muslim &%mmuni;y1 ?=%!l= #=ss u! in n=i=s,

37


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INDIAN CULTURE

a;;=n# a s!=&ial &%mmuni;y !ay= in ;h=

m%nin$, 'isi; >i=n#s, an# =la;i'=s an#

=&han$= s)==;s1 Chil#=n a= $i'=n (m%n=y

% $i>;* "y =l#=s1 i#iI; &=l="a;=s ;h= &%n&lusi%n %> ;h= h%ly m%n;h

%> >as;in$ &all=#Rama#an1Si$ni&an&=:

Th= "=au;i>ully #=&k=# u! mak=;s an#

m%sBu=s, ;h= m%nin$ Ei#nama@ a; ;h= m%sBu=s, an# ;h= s)==; #ish=s1

=y a;;a&;i%ns:On ;h= 6s; #ay %> ;h= m%n;h %> Sha))al %> ;h=

luna Hii &al=n#a, )hi&h&%=s!%n#s ;% July %> ;h= =$%ian &al=n#a2h=n:C=l="a;=# "y Muslims all %'= ;h= &%un;y

3.


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INDIAN CULTURE

DANCE IN INDIA5haa;a Na;yam5haa;ana;yam is ;h= m%s; !%!ula

%> In#ian #an&=s an# "=l%n$s ;% ;h=S%u;h In#ian s;a;= %>

Tamilna#u1 I;s an;iBui;y is )=ll

=s;a"lish=#1 In ;h= !as; i; )as !a&;is=# a# !=>%m=#

in ;h=;=m!l=s "y a &lass %> #an&=s kn%)n as ;h=

#='a#asis1 I; )as a !a; %> ;h= =li$i%us i;uals an#has a l%n$ an# h%ay !as;1 Th= kin$s an# ;h= !in&=ly

&%u;s !a;%nis=# ;h= ;=m!l=s, as )=ll as;h= 'ai%us ;a#i;i%ns sus;ainin$ ;h= #an&= >%m1

Th= sali=n; >=a;u=s %> 5haa;ana;yam a=

m%'=m=n;s &%n&=i'=# in s!a&= m%s;ly =i;h= al%n$s;ai$h; lin=s % ;ian$l=s1 In ;=ms %> $=%m=;i&al

#=si$ns, ;h= #an&= a!!=as ;% )=a'= as=i=s %> ;ian$l=s "=si#=s s='=al $=%m=;i&al

!a;;=ns1In ni;;a (!u= #an&=* ;% ;h= &h%s=n ;im= &y&l= an# a

a$a (m=l%#y*, a #an&= ==&u;=s !a;;=ns;ha; ='=al ;h= a&hi;=&;%ni& "=au;y %> ;h= >%m )i;h

a s=i=s %> #an&= uni;s &all=# a;his %;==manams1 Th= ;%s% is us=# as a uni;, ;h= l=$s a=

in a s=mi!li= >%m an# ;h= s;an&=a&hi='=s ;h= "asi& !%s;u= &all=# aaiman#i1 Th=

ni;;a num"=s in&lu#= Alai!!u, Ja;is)aaman# Tillana, )hi&h a= a"s;a&; i;=ms n%; &%n'=yin$

an# s!=&i& m=anin$ =&=!; ;ha; %> %y%usa"an#%n )i;h ;h= #an&= &=a;in$ 'ai=$a;=# >%ms

%> s;a$$=in$ 'isual "=au;y1In ni;ya, a #an&= !=>%ms ;% a !%=m, &=a;in$ a

!aall=l kin=;i& !%=;y in m%'=m=n;,=$is;=in$ su";l= =!=ssi%ns %n ;h= >a&= an# ;h=

=n;i= "%#y =a&;s ;% ;h= =m%;i%ns, ='%kin$

3/


39/57

INDIAN CULTURE

s=n;im=n;s in ;h= s!=&;a;% >% =lish ;h= asa1 Th=

num"=s a= 'anam, )hi&h has=!=ssi%ns as )=ll as !u= #an&= !a#ams, a'alis

an# shl%kas1 Th= a&&%m!anyin$ musi& is

&lassi&al Cana;i&1 Th= ;h=m=s a= >%m In#ianmy;h%l%$y, ;h= =!i&s an# ;h= ?uanas1Cha'iar'oothu

This #an&= >%m is "=li='=# ;%

ha'= "==n in;%#u&=# ;% =ala

"y ;h= =aly Ayan immi$an;s

Pis !=>%m=# %nly "y ;h=

m=m"=s %> ;h= Chakia &as;=1A hi$hly %;h%#% ;y!= %>=n;=;ainm=n;, i; &an "=

s;a$=# insi#= ;=m!l=s %nly P

)i;n=ss=# "y ;h= Hin#us %> ;h=

hi$h=&as;=s1 Th= ;h=a;= is kn%)n as %%;ham"alam1 Th=

s;%y is =&i;=# in a Buasi#ama;i& s;yl=)i;h =m!hasis %n =l%Bu=n; #=&laa;i%ns )i;h

a!!%!ia;=ly su$$=s;i'= >a&ial =!=ssi%ns P han#$=s;u=s1 Th= %nly a&&%m!anim=n;s a= ;h= &ym"als

P ;h= #um kn%)n as ;h= mi@ha'u, ma#=%> &%!!= )i;h a na%) m%u;h %n )hi&h is s;=;&h=#

a !i=&= %> !a&hm=n;1Chhau2i;h %i$ins sh%u#=# in mys;=y, ;h= Chhau #an&=

&%mmuni&a;=s inn= =m%;i%ns an# ;h=m=s

;h%u$h &a#=n&=s %> "%#y masks in

;his #an&= >%m1 Th= ma;ial m%'=m=n;s%> Chhau ha'= l=# ;% an%;h= in;=!=;a;i%n %> ;h=

)%# as m=anin$ ;% a;;a&k s;=al;hily % ;%hun;1

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INDIAN CULTURE

Th== s;yl=s %> Chhau =is; "%n >%m ;h= ;h==

#i==n; =$i%ns %> S=aik=lla (5iha*, ?uulia(2=s; 5=n$al*, an# Mayu"han (Oissa*1 Ma;ial

m%'=m=n;s, s;%n$ hy;hmi& s;a;=m=n;s an#

#ynami& us= %> s!a&= a= &haa&;=is;i& %> Chhau1S=aik=lla Chhau


41/57

INDIAN CULTURE

;a#i;i%ns an# y=; &%'=in$ ;h= ;h== as!=&;s %>

Ni;;a, Ni;ya an# Na;ya as )=ll as ;h= Tan#a'aan# Lasya as!=&;s %> &lassi&al #an&=, ;h= Chhau

#an&=s a= &%m!l= &%m"ina;i%ns %> F%lk an#

Classi&al m%;i>s1Aatha'?='al=n; in ;h= N%;h as a &lassi&al #an&= >%m,

a;hak has a l%n$ his;%y1 Nu;u=# in ;h=h%ly !=&in&;s %> ;h= Hin#u ;=m!l=s, a;hak has %'=

;h= &=n;ui=s a;;ain=# =n=m=n; an#=ni&h=# i;s=l> )i;h 'ai%us hu=s an# =m"=llishm=n;s1

a;hak m=ans a s;%y ;=ll= an# i;

#='=l%!=# as a #an&= >%m in )hi&h a s%l% #an&=;=lls an# in;=!=;s s;%i=s >%m my;h%l%$y1In ni;ya, ;h= =!=ssi%nal num"=s &all=# $a;s a=

#an&=# "y #=li&a;= $lan&=s %> ;h= =y= an#"y usin$ ;h= a; %> mim=1 Th=m=s >%m li>= a= ;ak=n

lik= =na&;in$ sim!l= &h%=s %> &ayin$)a;= >%m ;h= )=ll % )alkin$ $a&=>ully, &%'=in$ a

>a&= )i;h a '=il an# l%%kin$ ;h%u$h i; in a;an;alisin$ mann= a; ;h= l%'=1

Als%, ;% ;h= lyi&s, =!=ssi%ns a= sh%)n ='%kin$ ;h=asa % =m%;i%n in ;h= s!=&;a;%s, )h%,i> ;h= musi&al ;a#i;i%ns a= sha=# al%n$ )i;h ;h=

s%n$s, =n%y i; "y =!=ssin$ ;h=ia!!=&ia;i%n )i;h a %un# %> a!!laus=1

Th= ;h=m=s %> ishna, Ra#ha, Shi'a, ?a'a;i an#

my;h%l%$i&al &haa&;=s n# a !%min=n;!la&= in ;h= a;hak #an&=s =!=;%i=1 N%)a#ays,

=!=im=n;s a= "=in$ &ai=# %u; )i;h$%u! &h%=%$a!hy =!l%in$ ;h= #an&= >%m1 5%;h

m=n an# )%m=n !=>%m a;hak )hi&h isals% us=# ;% !=s=n; #an&= #amas %> his;%i&al ;al=s

an# &%n;=m!%ay ='=n;s1a;hakali

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a;hakali m=ans a s;%y !lay % a #an&= #ama1

a;ha m=ans s;%y1 5=l%n$in$ ;% ;h= S%u;h2=s;=n &%as;al s;a;= %> =ala, a;hakali is !imaily

a #an&= #ama >%m an# is =;=m=ly

&%l%u>ul )i;h "ill%)in$ &%s;um=s, %m

;h= ;)% =!i&s, ;h= Maha"haa;a an# ;h=Ramayana, as )=ll as ;h= ?uanas &%ns;i;u;= ;h=

;h=m=s %> ;h= a;hakali #an&= #amas1Th= ma&% an# mi&% m%'=m=n;s %> ;h= >a&=, ;h=

m%'=m=n;s %> ;h= =y="%)s, ;h= =y="alls,;h= &h==ks, ;h= n%s= an# ;h= &hin a= minu;=ly

)%k=# %u; an# 'ai%us =m%;i%ns a= =$is;==#

in a %m ;h=

musi&al a&&%m!anim=n;, an# ;)% '%&alis;s=n#= ;h= s%n$s1 Usin$ ;y!i&al musi& kn%)n as

S%!anam, a;hakali &=a;=s a )%l# %> i;s %)n1Th= m%s; s;ikin$ >=a;u= %> a;hakali is i;s

%'=)h=lmin$ #ama;i& Buali;y1 5u; i;s &haa&;=sn='= s!=ak1

I; is #an&=#

;% ;h=

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INDIAN CULTURE

musi&al &%m!%si;i%ns, in'%l'in$ #ial%$u=s, naa;i%n

an#&%n;inui;y1 I; =m!l%ys ;h= l=i&%n %> a hi$hly

#='=l%!=# han#$=s;u= lan$ua$= )hi&h =nhan&=s

;h= >a&ial =!=ssi%ns an# un>%l#s ;h= ;=; %> ;h=#ama1Aoodiyatta$?a&;is=# an# !=s='=# "y ;h= Chakya &%mmuni;y

in =ala, %%#iya;;am is ;h= %l#=s;su'i'in$ link )i;h an&i=n; Sanski; ;h=a;=1 A

!=&us% %> a;hakali #ama, %%#iya;;am hass='=al &%n'=n;i%ns )hi&h =a&ial=!=ssi%ns (mukhaa"hinaya*, ;h= us= %> Sanski; "y

;h= main &haa&;= an# Malayalam "y ;h= &%u;

=s;= % 'i#ushaka )h% &%mm=n;s, sa;ii@=s an#i#i&ul=s ;h= !%;a$%nis;s111 ;h=s= a= ;h= sali=n;

>=a;u=s %> %%#iya;;am1?=>%man&=s a= ;a#i;i%nally h=l# in ;h=

%%;ham"alam )hi&h a= s!=&ial ;h=a;=s a;;a&h=#

;% ;=m!l=s1 Th= Sanski; !lay s=l=&;=# >% ;h=

!=>%man&= usually ;ak=s %'= s='=al #ays1F=mal= #an&=s &all=# Nan$ias #=li'= ;h=

in'%&a;%y s%n$s an# als% !a;i&i!a;=1 Th= us= %>;h= ;iashila % &u;ain, #i==n; &%l%us >% ;h= >a&=

;% #=!i&; &haa&;=s an# =la"%a;=%nam=n;s a= all simila ;% a;hakali1 Th= mi@ha'u is

a s!=&ial #um us=# as ana&&%m!anim=n; >% %%#iya;;am !=>%man&=s1

Th= =!=;%i= &%nsis;s %> Sanski; #amas lik=

As&haya&hu#amani %> Shak;i"a#a,Su"ha#a#hanan=yan %> ulas=kaa 9aman,

A"his=kha Na;aka an# S)a!na'asa'a#a;;a %>

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5hasa, alyana Sau$an#hikam %> Mah=n#a 9ikama

an# 5ha$a'a#aukiyam %> 5%#hayana)hi&h a= ;h= !%!ula >a'%ui;=s1 2i;h #is&i!lin=# an#

#=#i&a;=# !=>%m=s lik= Ammanu

Ma#ha'a Chakya, %&&huku;;an Chakya an#i;an$u u;;a!!an Chakya, ;his an&i=n;&lassi&al >%m has a $%)in$ l=$i%n %> s;u#=n;s an#

aQ&i%na#%s in In#ia an# =ls=)h==1ishna;;amI; is in;=n#=# >% !=s=n;a;i%n %n =i$h; su&&=ssi'=

ni$h;s ;% un>%l# ;h= =n;i= s;%y %> L%#ishna, ;h= s;yl= is alm%s; akin ;% a;hakali1Auchiudiu&hi!u#i, lik= a;hakali is als% a #an&=#ama

;a#i;i%n an# #=i'=s i;s nam= >%m ;h= 'ila$= %>u&hi!u#i in ;h= S%u;h=n S;a;= %> An#a ?a#=sh1 In

=&=n; y=as, i; has ='%l'=# as a s%l%#an&= >% ;h= &%n&=; !la;>%m an# is !=>%m=# "y

)%m=n, ;h%u$h lik= a;hakali i; )as>%m=ly ;h= !=s='= %> m=n1 Th= >=mal= %l=s )==

=na&;=# "y m=n an# ='=n ;%#ay, ;h=

;a#i;i%n "%as;s %> $i>;=# mal= #an&=s =na&;in$>=mal= %l=s )i;h su&h &%nsumma;= a;is;y;ha; ha#ly any%n= )%ul# n%;i&= ;h=m as mal=

#an&=s1Th= m%'=m=n;s in u&hi!u#i a= Bui&ksil'= an#

s&in;illa;in$, %un#=# an# %%;=#1?=>%m=# ;% &lassi&al Cana;i& musi&, i; sha=s many

&%mm%n =l=m=n;s )i;h 5haa;ana;yam1In i;s s%l% =!%si;i%n u&hi!u#i ni;;a num"=s

in&lu#= a;is)aam an# ;illana )h==as in ni;ya i;

has s='=al lyi&al &%m!%si;i%ns = a #='%;== ;% m=$= )i;h %# sym"%li&ally ;h= uni%n %> ;h= s%ul )i;h ;h= su!= s%ul1

Th= s%n$s a= mim=# )i;h alluin$ =!=ssi%ns, s)i>;

l%%ks an#


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INDIAN CULTURE

"alan&=s h=s=l> %n ;h= im %> a "ass !la;= an#

==&u;=s s;=!s ;% ;h= "=a; %> a #um1 A;;im=s sh= !la&=s a !%; >ull %> )a;= %n h= h=a# an#

#an&=s %n ;h= "ass !la;=1 Th= s%n$

a&&%m!anyin$ ;his num"= is >%m ;h= )=ll kn%)nishna L==la Taan$ini, a ;=; )hi&h=&%un;s ;h= li>= an# ='=n;s %> L%# ishna1In =!=ssi%nal num"=s a #an&= s%m=;im=s

&h%%s=s ;% =na&; ;h= %l= %> Sa;ya"hama, ;h=!%u# an# s=l>assu=# Bu==n %> L%# ishna, >%m

;h= #an&=#ama 5hama ala!am1 Sh=$%=s ;h%u$h 'ai%us s;a$=s %> l%'=1 2h=n in

s=!aa;i%n >%m L%# ishna, sh= =&alls ;h= ha!!y#ays %> uni%n an# !in=s >% him1 A; las; ;h=y a=

=uni;=# )h=n sh= s=n#s him a l=;;=1On= m%= num"= >%m ;h= u&hi!u#i =!=;%i= ;ha;

#=s='=s m=n;i%n is ishna Sha"#am, in)hi&h a milkmai# in'i;=s ishna >% a =n#=@'%us in

myia#s %> )ays $i'in$ >ull s&%!= >% ;h=#an&= ;% #is!lay ;h= &hams %> a )%man1Mani!ui

Mani!ui #an&=s %i$ina;= >%m ;h= N%;h Eas;=ns;a;= %> Mani!u an# #=i'=s i;s nam= >%mi;s na;i'= s;a;=1 In;=ns=ly #='%;i%nal in m%%#, ;h=

Mani!ui #an&=s a= a !a; %> ;h= #aily li>= %>;h= Mani!ui !=%!l=1 Ess=n;ially !=s=n;=# as a $%u!

#an&= )i;h $%$=%us, &%l%u>ul &%s;um=san# $=n;l=, s)ayin$ !=;als%>; m%'=m=n;s, Mani!ui

#an&=s &=a;= a hy!n%;i& im!a&;1 Th= #an&=s a=

in Rasalilas a=

!=>%m=# %n s!=&ial %&&asi%ns an# >=s;i'als15=si#=s Rasalilas, ;h== a= %;h= #an&=s &all=#

Na;asanki;ana, in )hi&h a $%u! %> m=n !lay

4-


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INDIAN CULTURE

&ym"als an# #an&= in a &i&l= % in ;)% %)s sin$in$

!ais=s %> %#1 In ?un$ Ch%l%m, ;h=#an&=s !lay u!%n !un$, ;h= #um, an# #an&= )hil=

!layin$ ;h= in;i&a;= ;im= &y&l=s, ==&u;in$

s%m=saul;s an# "=a;h;akin$ a&%"a;i& >=a;s1 In$%u! #an&=s lik= Lai Haa%"a, ;h= m=ymakin$ >% ;h= $%#s, ;h= #an&=s !=>%m 'ai%us

s;=!s an# )=a'= !a;;=ns, in'%l'in$ 'ai%us&h%=%$a!hi& &%m!%si;i%ns1 F%m ;h= &%!us %>

Mani!ui #an&=s, %n= s==s %n ;h=&%n;=m!%ay s;a$= s%l%, #u=; an# $%u!

!=>%man&=s1 Th= musi& is ;y!i&al %> ;h= =$i%n an#

is in% ;h= &%n&=; !la;>%m;% sui; ;h= u"an au#i=n&=1 H%)='=, ;% =n%y

Mani!ui, %n= sh%ul# s== ;h= #an&=s in ;h=ina;ual s=;;in$1 %ssam= '=ils, &ylin#i&al mi%=#

ski;s an# %nam=n;s #a@@l= ;h= au#i=n&=s)i;h ;h=i &%l%u>ul &%s;um=s )hi&h &=a;= a #=am

lik= ==&;1M%hinia;;amM%hini A;;am as a #an&= >%m has #='=l%!=# in

=ala1 ?=>%m=# "y )%m=n i; has $a&=>ul,$=n;l= "%""in$ m%'=m=n;s1 M%hini m=ans an

=n&han;=ss an# a #an&= )i;h =n&han;in$

m%'=m=n;s, #=ss=# in a ;y!i&al )hi;= sa== )i;h$%l# "%#=, hai $a;h==# in a "un %n %n=si#= an# )i;h $%l#=n =)=ll=y =!i;%mis=s ;h= ima$=

%> a "=au;i>ul mai#=n1 A!!a=n;ly i;=s=m"l=s ;h= 5haa;ana;yam #an&= >%m "u; is

Bui;= #is;in&; in i;s ==&u;i%n %> m%'=m=n;s,usa$= %> han# $=s;u=s an# i;s s;ak, sim!l=

&%s;um=1M%hini A;;am has =n%y=# a ='i'al in =&=n; ;im=s

an# is ;h= m%s; !%!ula #an&= >%m am%n$

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INDIAN CULTURE

;h= y%un$ as!ian;s in =ala1 I; has a >%ma; )hi&h

>%ll%)s ;h= 5haa;ana;yam >%m an# ;h==!=;%i= has &%mm%n nam=s1 In ni;;a a num"=

&all=# Ch%luka;;u &%nsis;s %> !u= #an&=

m%'=m=n;s a; ;h= =n# %> )hi&h is ;a$$=# a !%=m;ha; is in !ais= %> a #=i;y an# als% naa;=s ;h= s;%y

%> ;h= Ramayana in a nu;sh=ll1 Th= mn=m%ni&

sylla"l=s a= sun$ ins;=a# %> "=in$u;;==# "y ;h= musi&ian1 An%;h= i;=m %> !u= #an&=

is Tillana )hi&h >%ll%)s ;h= musi&al m%#= %>

5haa;ana;yam )i;h &lassi&al Cana;i& musi&1

H%)='=, %> la;=, k=alas S%!ana musi& is

"=in$ =m!l%y=# >% M%hini A;;am an# ;h= =!=;%i=has als% "==n =nla$=# )i;h ;h=&h%=%$a!hy main;ainin$ ;h= ;y!i&al m%'=m=n;s %>

;his $a&=>ul s;yl=1In ni;ya, ;h= !a#ams a= mim=# )i;h >a&ial

=!=ssi%ns an# han# $=s;u=s an# ;h= ;h=m=s a=#a)n >%m my;h%l%$y1 Th= nayika % h=%in= l%n$s

>% uni%n )i;h h= "=l%'=#1 A &%n#an;=$%=s an# &%n'=ys ;h= m=ssa$= ;% ;h= l%'= an# ;h=

nayika #=s&i"=s ;h= !an$s %> s=!aa;i%n1A 'anam >%ll%)s ;h= s;u&;u= %> a 5haa;ana;yam

'anam #)=llin$ u!%n ;h= naa;i%n,im!=s%na;i%n an# al;=na;in$ )i;h !u= #an&=1

Th%u$h ;h= #an&= uni;s in M%hini A;;am a=limi;=#, ;h= Buin;=ss=n;ial $a&= an# ;h= m=asu=#

m%'=m=n;s a= i;s #is;in&; >=a;u=s1O#issi

O#issi has "==n ='i'=# in ;h= !as; >;y y=as an#&an "= &%nsi#==# as ;h= %l#=s; &lassi&alIn#ian #an&= %n ;h= "asis %> a&hi'al ='i#=n&=1 Th=

>%m "=l%n$s ;% ;h= Eas; In#ian s;a;= %> Oissa1 O#issi

has a &l%s= ass%&ia;i%n )i;h ;h= ;=m!l=s an# i;s

s;ikin$ >=a;u= is i;s in;ima;= =la;i%nshi! )i;h

;=m!l= s&ul!;u=1 Ti"han$a, ;h= ;h=="%#y "=n#

&haa&;=is=s ;his #an&=

>%m1 I; has a 'as; an$= %> s&ul!;ual "%#ym%'=m=n;s )hi&h $i'=s %n= ;h= illusi%n %> ;h=

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INDIAN CULTURE

s&ul!;u=s &%min$ ;% li>=1In ni;;a ;h= num"=s &%nsis; %> "a;u ni;ya, !alla'i

an# m%khya1 In "a;u ni;ya ;h= #an&=s;ik=s !%s=s h%l#in$ 'ai%us ins;um=n;s lik= '==na,

!%=; Jaya#='a )i;;=n in ;h= 6;h &=n;uy A1D1, a=

us=# "y #an&=s >% =!=ssi%nal num"=s1Th= =Buisi;= Sanski; !%=;y an# ;h= s&ul!;ual

m%'=m=n;s ;% ;h= ;y!i&al O#issi musi& alm%s; &as; a

s!=ll %n ;h= s!=&;a;%s1 S%n$s %> %;h= Oiya !%=;s

a= als% #an&=# )i;h su";l=

=!=ssi%ns, =!l=;= )i;h =m%;i%ns1 Ini;s ='i'al !=i%# O#issi has =&=i'=#

=n;husias;i& su!!%; >%m ;h= y%un$

=!%n=n;s an# %>;=n %n= n#s

5haa;ana;yam #an&=s als%

mas;=in$ ;h= O#issi ;=&hniBu= an# !=>%min$ "%;h

;h= #an&= >%ms ;h%u$h )hil= #%in$ s%, ;h=y

main;ain ;h= &l=a&u; #i==n&=s in ;h= ==&u;i%n %>

;h= m%'=m=n;s1 In =&=n; y=as, $%u! &h%=%$a!hi&!=s=n;a;i%ns an# #an&= #amas a= als% a;;=m!;=#

in %#= ;% "in$ %u; ;h= >ull $l%y an# s&ul!;ual

)=al;h %> O#issi )hi&h is ;uly a 'isually >as&ina;in$

!=>%man&= s;yl=1TR(N53ORT(TION IN INDI(A )=ll kn%)n an# &%%#ina;=# sys;=m %> ;ans!%;

!lays an im!%;an; %l= in ;h= sus;ain=# =&%n%mi&

$%);h %> a &%un;y1 Th= !=s=n; ;ans!%; sys;=m %>In#ia &%m!is=s s='=al m%#=s %> ;ans!%; in&lu#in$

4/


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INDIAN CULTURE

ail, %a#, &%as;al shi!!in$, ai ;ans!%;, =;&1

Tans!%;a;i%n in In#ia has =&%#=# a su"s;an;ial

$%);h %'= ;h= y=as "%;h in s!=a# %> n=;)%k an#

in %u;!u; %> ;h= sys;=m1 Th= Minis;y %> Shi!!in$,

R%a# Tans!%; an# Hi$h)ays is =s!%ns"il= >% ;h=

>%ma;i%n an# im!l=m=n;a;i%n %> !%li&i=s an#

!%$amm=s >% ;h= #='=l%!m=n; %> 'ai%us m%#=s

%> ;ans!%; sa'= ;h= ail)ays an# ;h= &i'il a'ia;i%n1ROAD TRANS?ORTIn#ia has %n= %> ;h= la$=s; %a# n=;)%ks in ;h=

)%l#, a$$=$a;in$ ;%a"%u; 33 lakh kil%m=;=s a; !=s=n;1 Th= &%un;ys

%a# n=;)%k&%nsis;s %> Na;i%nal Hi$h)ays, S;a;= Hi$h)ays,

ma%G%;h= #is;i&;%a#s an# 'illa$=sGual %a#s1RAIL2A8S

4+


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INDIAN CULTURE

Th= Rail)ays in In#ia !%'i#= ;h= !in&i!al m%#= %>

;ans!%;a;i%n >% >=i$h; an# !ass=n$=s1 I; "in$s

;%$=;h= !=%!l= >%m ;h= >a;h=s;&%n=s %> ;h= &%un;y an# mak=s !%ssi"l= ;h=

&%n#u&; %>

-0


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INDIAN CULTURE

-6


52/57

INDIAN CULTURE

"usin=ss,si$h;s==in$, !il$ima$= an# =#u&a;i%n1In#ian Rail)ays is ;h= la$=s; ail)ay sys;=m in ;h=

)%l# un#= a sin$l=

mana$=m=n;1SHI??INShi!!in$ !lays an im!%;an; %l= in ;h= ;ans!%;

s=&;% %> In#ias=&%n%my1 A!!%ima;=ly, +0 !=&=n; %> ;h= &%un;ys

;a#= "y '%lum=

(.0 != &=n; in ;=ms %> 'alu=* is m%'=# "y s=a1 In#ia

has ;h= la$=s;m=&han; shi!!in$ ;h=


53/57

INDIAN CULTURE

NAME ?ROTOCOL8%un$= n='= us=s ;h= !%!= nam= %> ;h=i =l#=s1

(=$: Anna, Akka =;&1*

Only !=%!l= %> ;h= sam= a$= )ill a##=ss =a&h %;h="y s; nam=1A Hin#u )i>= n='= s!=aks ;h= nam= %> h= hus"an# 1CAUTION 2ITH FOOT2EAR: I; is '=y im!%;an; ;%

a!%l%$i@= imm=#ia;=ly i> %n= ;%u&h=s s%m=%n= )i;h

his % h= sh%= % san#al

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INDIAN CULTURE

LanguagesIn#ia is a 'as; &%un;y, )i;h l%; %> &ul;ual an#$=%$a!hi&al #i'=si;i=s1 This

has =sul;=# in a num"= %>#i==n; lan$ua$=s s!%k=n

a&%ss ;h= &%un;y1 S%m= %>;h=s= lan$ua$=s a= a&&=!;=#

na;i%nally, )hil= %;h=s a=a&&=!;=# as #ial=&;s %>

!a;i&ula =$i%ns1 All ;h=s=lan$ua$=s %i$ina;=# >%m ;h=

$=a; lan$ua$=s %> ;h=!as;, )i;h m%s; %> ;h=m

"=l%n$in$ ;% s='=al ma%lin$uis;i& >amili=s, lik= In#%Ayan (s!%k=n "y .0KIn#ians*, Da'i#ian lan$ua$=s (s!%k=n "y K

In#ians*,Aus;%Asia;i& lan$ua$=s an# Ti"=;%5uman

lin$uis;i&lan$ua$=s1

Th= In#ian C%ns;i;u;i%n (A;i&l= 343* #=&la=s Hin#i ;%"=;h= %Q&ial lan$ua$= %> ;h= Uni%n1 Hin#i is als% ;h=m%;h= ;%n$u= %> a"%u; 0K %> ;h= In#ian

!%!ula;i%n,li'in$ in ;h= a=a kn%)n as ;h=

Hin#i"=l; % ;h= &%)"=l; %> n%;h=n In#ia1 This

in&lu#=s ;h= s;a;=s %> U;;a

?a#=sh, U;;aakhan#,U;;aan&hal, 5iha, Ma#hya?a#=sh, Chha;;is$ah an#

Raas;han1 Hayana an#Hima&hal ?a#=sh als% ha'= Hin#i as ;h=i %Q&iallan$ua$=1En$lish lan$ua$= is ;h= &%mm%nly us=# %Q&ial

lan$ua$=

%> In#ia1 I; =n%ys a s!=&ial s;a;us an# =mains ;h=a##i;i%nal %Q&ial lan$ua$= %> In#ia1 I; is als% ;h=

-4


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INDIAN CULTURE

au;h%i;a;i'= l=$isla;i'= an# u#i&ial lan$ua$=1 A!a;

>%m;h= m%= )i#=ly s!%k=n En$lish an# Hin#i, ;h== a=

;h=

'ai%us =$i%nal lan$ua$=s as )=ll1 In >a&;, =a&h s;a;=%>In#ia has i;s %)n %Q&ial lan$ua$=, a!a; >%m ;h=num=%us #ial=&;s1 H%)='=, ;h= /;h s&h=#ul= %> ;h=C%ns;i;u;i%n %> In#ia lis;s su&h =$i%nal lan$ua$=s%nly, $i'in$ ;h=m %Q&ial s;a;us1In#ia has lan$ua$=s )hi&h ha'= "==n $i'=n ;h=$a#= %> Na;i%nal Lan$ua$=s1

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-7


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CONCLUSIONTh= In#ian &ul;u= is %>;=n la"=ll=# as an

amal$ama;i%n %> s='=al &ul;u=s1I; s!ans a&%ss ;h= In#ian su"&%n;in=n; an#

has "==n in

itt final2.doc

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