It’s a material world

What is a material?

Activity: What are some materials?

Individually write down a list of 10 different materials.

Share them with the class. Now divide up the list on the board

into synthetic (‘man made’) and natural materials.

Activity: Define material

Individually write down a definition for what a material is.

Share your definition with the person next to you and rewrite your definition together.

One member of each pair is to then read out their definition to the class.

Copy down the class definition from the board.

Ford’s Biological Car

On August 14, 1941 Henry Ford unveiled the biological car!

70% of the car was made from straw, cotton, hemp, pine.

The other 30% was made from soymeal and bioresin.

The only steel in the car was the frame.

The car was the result of 12 years research.

Henry Ford proved the durability of the car by swinging an axe into it

Activity: What’s in a car?

In a group of 4 make a list of the components from a car that might be made from plastics?

Compare your groups list to another group. Was there anything you missed?

High tech car Low tech car

Polymers used in cars today

Plastic

Monomers

Small individual molecules are called monomers.

A process called Polymerisation combines individual monomers to form large chains.

Mushroom Monomers Star Monomers

Polymers

The large chains formed by polymerisation are called Polymers.

Polymer is the scientific name for what people generally call plastic.

“Poly-Star” polymer

“Poly-Mushroom” polymer

Another way of thinking about it: Paper Clips

If there was a monomer called ‘paper clip’, a string or chain of ‘paper clips’ would be a polymer.

This polymer would be called “poly-paper clip”.

Monomer = “Paper Clip”

Polymer = Poly -“Paper Clip”

Co-polymers

To create new polymers different monomers are combined. These are called co-polymers.

There are two types: Random co-polymers: Monomers are randomly

dispersed. Block Co-polymers: one polymer chain is added to

another.

Random Co-polymers

Block Co-polymers

Examples of Monomers and Polymers

Monomer PolymerVinyl Chloride Poly (Vinyl Chloride)

Ethylene Polyethylene

Styrene Polystyrene

Propene Polypropylene

Other Plastics

Versatile Polymers

Plastics can be classified as either thermoplastic or thermosetting depending on what they do when they are heated.

Thermoplastic When lightly heated many

plastics soften or melt and can be remoulded into new shapes.

When cool they reset. Examples are PVC, polythene

(Plastic bags) and acrylic. The molecules in these

materials are arranged in a parallel chain.

When heated they are able to slide over each other and form a new shape. (Melt → Reset)

Heat

Linear chains move apart

Thermosetting

Thermosetting plastics cannot be remoulded. The polymers have crosslinks between the chains. This makes thermosetting plastics:

• Hard (Scratch resistant)• Brittle (Will shatter when dropped) • Rigid (Not able to be bent)

However when heated thermosettings will char (or burn), not soften.

Heat

CrosslinksBranch

An easy way to remember the difference between Thermoplastic

and Thermosetting plastic is to recall what happens when they are subjected to a flame…

Thermoplastic melts

Because thermoplastics can be melted into new shapes they are recyclable.

Thermosetting burns

Recycling Plastics

How Plastics are Recycled

This is why recycling is important:

The North Pacific Garbage Patch

Alternatives:

Plantic® is a type of biodegradable plastic produced by the Plantic Company, which is based in Australia.

It is derived from starches found in corn, rather than petrochemicals (like oil), making it sustainable and very environmentally friendly.

Plantic is designed to break down quickly and naturally, ensuring that their component starches return to the earth, rather than remaining in landfills

Plantic can be found in Cadbury milk trays

A new breed of fibres

What is a fibre?

A fibre is any substance that can be woven or knitted into a fabric.

Fibres can be either: Natural: Derived from animals or plants. Synthetic: Chemical modified natural fibres

or artificially made.

Natural Synthetic

Natural Fibres

Hair, fur, cotton silk are all examples of natural fibres.

In the past natural fibres were knitted and woven into clothing, blankets, rugs, carpet, mats, rope, baskets and bags.

Cotton Silk Flax LinenFur

Synthetic Fibres

Nylon, Lycra, Kevlar, spandex, polyester are all synthetic fibres.

Although most synthetic fibres are base on synthetic polymers, some use natural polymers as starting material.

Lycra MixturesKevlarSpandex

Collecting Body Products and Fibres

Whether a fibre is synthetic or derived from an organism it can be examined under a comparison microscope.

However finding a match from one fibre at a crime scene and one from a suspect is strong circumstantial evidence but not conclusive

How synthetic fibres are made

Synthetic fibres are produced by the extrusion of a polymer though a Spinneret.

Mixtures of different polymers can be combined prior to extrusion to form new fibres.

Multi-Holed Spinneret

Science at Work: Spider Silk

Spider silk is a protein that is formed as a liquid by silk glands and squeezed out of spinnerets

Some types of spider silk are stronger than a steel thread of the same diameter

Some spiders produce different kinds of silk for different functions: Wrapping prey Making eggs Building webs

Science at Work: Spider Silk

“You have to admit it’s a bit weird that we live in houses that we make out of stuff that squirts out of our butts!