Italy: Birthplace of the Italy: Birthplace of the RenaissanceRenaissance

Chapter 17 section 1Chapter 17 section 1

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During the late middle ages, Europe suffered During the late middle ages, Europe suffered from war and plaguefrom war and plague

Those who survived wanted to enjoy lifeThose who survived wanted to enjoy life

Doubts and QuestionsDoubts and Questions

People start to question the Church which People start to question the Church which taught Christians to endure suffering to get to taught Christians to endure suffering to get to heavenheaven

Start to question society which blocked social Start to question society which blocked social advancementadvancement

Between the years 1300-1600 there was an Between the years 1300-1600 there was an explosion of creativity in Europeexplosion of creativity in Europe

Historians call this period the Renaissance Historians call this period the Renaissance which means rebirthwhich means rebirth

In this case a rebirth of art and learningIn this case a rebirth of art and learning

Renaissance began in northern Italy and later Renaissance began in northern Italy and later spread northspread north

One reason Europe lagged behind is that One reason Europe lagged behind is that France and England were locked in the France and England were locked in the Hundred Years’ War Hundred Years’ War

Italy’s AdvantagesItaly’s Advantages Italy had 3 advantages that encouraged the Italy had 3 advantages that encouraged the

Renaissance:Renaissance:

1. thriving cities1. thriving cities

2. a wealthy merchant class2. a wealthy merchant class

3. classical heritage of Greece and Rome3. classical heritage of Greece and Rome

Thriving CitiesThriving Cities The crusades spurred trade and growing city-states in The crusades spurred trade and growing city-states in

ItalyItaly Northern Italy was urban while the rest of Europe Northern Italy was urban while the rest of Europe

was still ruralwas still rural Cities were places where people shared ideas and Cities were places where people shared ideas and

intellectual growth occurredintellectual growth occurred Bubonic plague killed 60% of the population bringing Bubonic plague killed 60% of the population bringing

economic changeseconomic changes Survivors could demand higher wages with fewer Survivors could demand higher wages with fewer

workersworkers A smaller population shrank opportunities for A smaller population shrank opportunities for

business expansionbusiness expansion

Wealthy Merchant ClassWealthy Merchant Class

Wealthy merchants began to pursue other interests Wealthy merchants began to pursue other interests like artlike art

City-states like Milan and Florence collected own City-states like Milan and Florence collected own taxes and had its own armiestaxes and had its own armies

Merchants were the wealthiest and most powerful Merchants were the wealthiest and most powerful class and dominated politicsclass and dominated politics

Unlike nobles, merchants didn’t inherit social rankUnlike nobles, merchants didn’t inherit social rank Successfulness depended on own skillsSuccessfulness depended on own skills Successful merchants Successful merchants believed they deserved power believed they deserved power

and wealth because they worked for itand wealth because they worked for it

Classical Heritage of Greece and Classical Heritage of Greece and RomeRome

Renaissance scholars looked down on the arts Renaissance scholars looked down on the arts of the Middle Agesof the Middle Ages

Wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks Wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romansand Romans

Another reason the Renaissance began in Italy, Another reason the Renaissance began in Italy, artists drew inspirations from the ruins of artists drew inspirations from the ruins of RomeRome

Byzantine scholars brought ancient Greek Byzantine scholars brought ancient Greek manuscripts after the fall of Constantinoplemanuscripts after the fall of Constantinople

The Medici’sThe Medici’s

The city of Florence came under power of the The city of Florence came under power of the Medici family who made a fortune in bankingMedici family who made a fortune in banking

Cosimo Medici didn’t run for political office Cosimo Medici didn’t run for political office but controlled the government by giving loans but controlled the government by giving loans to council membersto council members

His grandson, Lorenzo took power in 1469 His grandson, Lorenzo took power in 1469 after his grandfather diedafter his grandfather died

Assassination PlotAssassination Plot

A rival family was so jealous of the power of A rival family was so jealous of the power of the Medici’s, that they plotted to kill Lorenzo the Medici’s, that they plotted to kill Lorenzo and his brother, Giulianoand his brother, Giuliano

As the Medici attended mass, assassins As the Medici attended mass, assassins murdered his brother at the altarmurdered his brother at the altar

Lorenzo escaped to a small room and held off Lorenzo escaped to a small room and held off attackers until help arrivedattackers until help arrived

He had the killers brutally and publicly He had the killers brutally and publicly executedexecuted

Classical and Worldly ValuesClassical and Worldly Values

Scholars became influenced with old ideas of Scholars became influenced with old ideas of Greece and RomeGreece and Rome

Helped them develop a new outlook on lifeHelped them develop a new outlook on life

HumanismHumanism Scholars Scholars focused on human potentialfocused on human potential and and

achievements achievements Studied classical texts to understand Greek Studied classical texts to understand Greek

values instead of looking for Christian values instead of looking for Christian messages and valuesmessages and values

Humanists made subjects like history, Humanists made subjects like history, literature and philosophy popularliterature and philosophy popular

Enjoyment of Worldly PleasuresEnjoyment of Worldly Pleasures Some religious people proved they were religious by Some religious people proved they were religious by

wearing rough clothing and eating plain foodswearing rough clothing and eating plain foods Humanists suggested people could enjoy life without Humanists suggested people could enjoy life without

offending Godoffending God In Renaissance Italy, people enjoyed material In Renaissance Italy, people enjoyed material

luxuries, fine music and tasty foodsluxuries, fine music and tasty foods Most people remained devout Catholics, but the spirit Most people remained devout Catholics, but the spirit

of the Renaissance was secular- concern with here of the Renaissance was secular- concern with here and now attitudeand now attitude

Lived in big mansions, wore expensive clothing, had Lived in big mansions, wore expensive clothing, had big banquetsbig banquets

Patrons of the ArtsPatrons of the Arts

Renaissance popes beautified Rome by Renaissance popes beautified Rome by spending huge amounts of money for artspending huge amounts of money for art

They became patrons of the arts by financially They became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artistssupporting artists

The Renaissance ManThe Renaissance Man

All educated people were expected to create All educated people were expected to create artart

The ideal individual tried to master every area The ideal individual tried to master every area of studyof study

Man who excelled in many fields was praised Man who excelled in many fields was praised as a universal man- later called a Renaissance as a universal man- later called a Renaissance ManMan

The book, The book, The Courtier The Courtier by Baldassare Catiglione by Baldassare Catiglione taught how to become a Renaissance Mantaught how to become a Renaissance Man

A young man should be charming, witty, and well A young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music and write poetry. He should be a skilled rider, music and write poetry. He should be a skilled rider, wrestler and swordsman. Above all, he should have wrestler and swordsman. Above all, he should have self control.self control.

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The Renaissance WomanThe Renaissance Woman

According to the same book, upper-class According to the same book, upper-class women should know the classics, be charming, women should know the classics, be charming, inspire art, but rarely create itinspire art, but rarely create it

Upper-class renaissance women were much Upper-class renaissance women were much more educated than the typical Middle Ages more educated than the typical Middle Ages woman, but had less influencewoman, but had less influence

Isabella d’Este was one of few who Isabella d’Este was one of few who exercised powerexercised power

She was born into a ruling family of Italian She was born into a ruling family of Italian city-state Ferrara and married the ruler of city-state Ferrara and married the ruler of another city-stateanother city-state

She was skilled in politicsShe was skilled in politics When her husband was taken prisoner, she When her husband was taken prisoner, she

defended her city-state and won his releasedefended her city-state and won his release

Renaissance Revolutionizes ArtRenaissance Revolutionizes Art

Artistic styles changedArtistic styles changed Often portrayed religious subjects, but would Often portrayed religious subjects, but would

use realistic styles copied from classic modelsuse realistic styles copied from classic models

DonatelloDonatello

Made sculpture more realistic Made sculpture more realistic Carved natural postures and expressions that Carved natural postures and expressions that

reveal personalityreveal personality

David St. JohnDavid St. John

MasaccioMasaccio PainterPainter Rediscovered the technique of perspective, or Rediscovered the technique of perspective, or

3 dimensional3 dimensional

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

A A true Renaissance Mantrue Renaissance Man Was a Was a sculptor, painter, inventor, and sculptor, painter, inventor, and

scientistscientist Very interested in how things workedVery interested in how things worked Studied how muscles move, veins in leafs Studied how muscles move, veins in leafs Filled notebook with sketches of new Filled notebook with sketches of new

inventions- even had diagrams of flying inventions- even had diagrams of flying machinesmachines

Mona LisaMona Lisa

Painted one of the best Painted one of the best known portraits in the known portraits in the world, the Mona Lisaworld, the Mona Lisa

Some say her Some say her expression is so real, expression is so real, and have tried to explain and have tried to explain her thoughts behind her her thoughts behind her slight smileslight smile

The Last SupperThe Last Supper

Da Vinci also painted The Last Supper, showing the Da Vinci also painted The Last Supper, showing the personalities of Jesus’ disciples through facial personalities of Jesus’ disciples through facial expressionsexpressions

More on da VinciMore on da Vinci

He wrote much of his notebook backwards in He wrote much of his notebook backwards in “mirror writing”, so you have to use a mirror “mirror writing”, so you have to use a mirror to read it- no one knows why he took the time to read it- no one knows why he took the time to do thisto do this

Can you read this passageCan you read this passage??

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Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti Also a true Renaissance Man- a painter, Also a true Renaissance Man- a painter,

sculptor, architect, poetsculptor, architect, poet Famous for the way he portrayed the human Famous for the way he portrayed the human

body in sculptor and in paintingsbody in sculptor and in paintings St. Peter’s Basilica Sistine Chapel DavidSt. Peter’s Basilica Sistine Chapel David

St. Peter’s BasilicaSt. Peter’s Basilica

Michelangelo designed Michelangelo designed the dome to top St. the dome to top St. Peter’s Basilica Church Peter’s Basilica Church in Romein Rome

Began working on the Began working on the church in 1546, and it church in 1546, and it still wasn’t finished in still wasn’t finished in 1564 when he died1564 when he died

Another architect had to Another architect had to finish itfinish it

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

Ceiling of Sistine ChapelCeiling of Sistine Chapel

Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

From 1508-1512 Michelangelo painted the From 1508-1512 Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Romeceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

He spent hours each day laying stretched on He spent hours each day laying stretched on his back on top of a high scaffold with paint his back on top of a high scaffold with paint dripping into his eyesdripping into his eyes

During the day, he endured the heat beating During the day, he endured the heat beating upon the roof of the chapelupon the roof of the chapel

At night he worked by candlelight At night he worked by candlelight

Many of the panels show classical influenceMany of the panels show classical influence Much of the detail is about the Biblical Much of the detail is about the Biblical

prophet Joelprophet Joel

DavidDavid Michelangelo Michelangelo

sculpted David, the sculpted David, the Biblical hero from Biblical hero from 1501-15041501-1504

He considered He considered himself a sculptor himself a sculptor above all, and ranked above all, and ranked sculpture as “the first sculpture as “the first of the arts”of the arts”

The statue stands 18 The statue stands 18 feet tall feet tall

RaphaelRaphael

Was younger than Michelangelo and LeonardoWas younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo Learned from studying their worksLearned from studying their works Greatest achievement was filling the walls of Greatest achievement was filling the walls of

the pope’s library with several paintingsthe pope’s library with several paintings One of those paintings is the One of those paintings is the School of AthensSchool of Athens, ,

showing Raphael and other Renaissance artists showing Raphael and other Renaissance artists listening to Greek philosopherslistening to Greek philosophers

Raphael’s School of AthensRaphael’s School of Athens

Women PaintersWomen Painters

Although Renaissance society generally Although Renaissance society generally restricted women’s roles, a few Italian women restricted women’s roles, a few Italian women became paintersbecame painters

Renaissance WritersRenaissance Writers Francisco Petrarch- a great poet, wrote in Francisco Petrarch- a great poet, wrote in

Italian and Latin, composed sonnets (14 line Italian and Latin, composed sonnets (14 line poems)poems)

Boccaccio- Italian writer best known for the Boccaccio- Italian writer best known for the Decameron, Decameron, realistic, off-color stories about realistic, off-color stories about trying to survive the plaguetrying to survive the plague

Niccolo Machiavelli- wrote Niccolo Machiavelli- wrote The Prince, The Prince, a a political guidebook examining how a ruler can political guidebook examining how a ruler can gain power and keep it, inspite of his enemies. gain power and keep it, inspite of his enemies. He mentioned tricking enemies and his own He mentioned tricking enemies and his own people for the good of the statepeople for the good of the state

BoccaccioBoccaccio

Francesco PetrarchFrancesco Petrarch

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli

The Renaissance SpreadsThe Renaissance Spreads

Toward the end of the 15Toward the end of the 15 thth Century, Century, Renaissance ideas began to spread north from Renaissance ideas began to spread north from Italy to countries such as France, Germany and Italy to countries such as France, Germany and EnglandEngland