it is with significant morbidity - srm institute of ... trauma.pdf · @it is serious injury with...
TRANSCRIPT
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LIVER TRAUMA :
Uncommon because of its position & chest wall protection.
It is serious injury with significant morbidity & mortality even with proper management.
Blunt injury produce contusion, laceration & avulsion injury to liver.
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PENETRATING INJURYStab & gun shot injuries which associated with injuries to chest or pericardium, spleen or kidney. DIAGNOSIS LIVER INJURY:All lower chest injuries & upper abdominal stab
wounds suspect.If blood loss is more.If rib # & haemothorax rt. side.If the injury is penetrating, liver injury suspected.Oral & IV contrast CT of chest & abdomen needed.
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Cont.,
It shows parenchymal damage or injury to the feeding vessels.
Free fluid in abdomen detected & blood confirmed by aspiration.
Chest scan shows damaged to lung& great vessel.
Peritoneal lavage confirm hemoperitoneum.
Laparoscopy in addition shows the diaphragmatic rupture.
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MANAGEMENT :PENETRATING INJURY
Assess pt’s air way patency & circulation.
Blood count, urea, electrolytes, LFT, clotting screen.
Surgar & amylase to be estimated.
IV fluids, colloids & blood to be given.
Pt intupated & ventilated if gas exchange is inadequate by analysis of ABG”.
ICD indicated if there is pneumothorax or hemothorax.
FFP to be given to prevent irreversible coagulopathies due to lack of fibrinogen & clotting
factors.
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BLUNT TRAUMA:
Resuscitation as above, CT to evaluate injury.
Usually conservative.
If there is on going blood loss, despite correction of underlying coagulopathy & signs of peritonitis.
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SURGICAL APPROACH TO LIVER TRAUMA:
Midline incision, a stab incision, sutured with absorbable sutures, by applying vascular occlusion clamp across foramen Winslow (Pringles manoeuvre).
If lacerations to hepatic artery, it may be ligated prior to suture the liver injury.
Portal vein injuries sutured with 5˚ prolene by applying atraumatic vascular clamp proximally.
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Cont‐
Diffuse parenchymal injuries treated by packing the liver to produce hemostasis & abdomen closed.
Parenchymal haematomas & diffuse capsular lacerations due to crush injury, packing is useful.
Necrotic tissue should be removed & package may be removed after 48 hrs.
Antibiotics reversal of coagulopathy is essential.
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Cont‐
If major liver vascular injury, refer to a specialist centre, for venovenous by pass using cannulae in the femoral vein via long sephenous cut down & returned to SVC via
Internal jugular line.
Using roller pump IVC to be safely clamped for caval or hepatic vein repair.
Rapid infuser blood transfusion machine facilitate delivery of large volume of blood instantaneously.
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Cont‐
By mid line incision, liver mobilised, by division of supporting ligaments, vascular isolation of liver achieved by occluding hilar inflow & IVC above the renal veins at the
level of diaphragm with vascular clamps.
Venous return provided by venovenous by pass .
Clamps should not be > 45 mts.
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OTHER COMPLICATIONS OF LIVER TRAUMA:
Sub capsular or intra hepatic hematoma – No surgical intervention allowed to resolve
spontaneously.Sometimes parenchymal ischaemia leads to abscess due to secondary infection.
TREATMENT:Aspiration under USG guidance & antibiotics.Bile collection require aspiration under USG or
percutaneous insertion of drain.
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Cont‐
Site of biliary fistula determined by endoscopic or percutaneous cholangiography & biliary decompression by nasobiliary , PTHD or endoprosthesis insertion.
If it fails, affected portion of liver may be resected.
Late vascular complications ‐ hepatic artery aneurysms & arteriovenous & arteriobiliary fistulae which are treated by transarterial embolisation of feeding vessel.
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Cont‐
Liver failure occur in extensive liver trauma.
If blood supply & biliary drainage of liver intact ‐ conservative line of treatment.
LATE COMPLICATIONS:
Biliary tract stricture.
Dominant extra hepatic bile duct stricture with obstructive jaundice, may be treated with endobiliary balloon dilatation or stenting,
& later roux – en‐ y hepatic docho jejunostomy.
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PORTAL HT:
Occur in liver cirrhosis.
Extra hepatic portal vein occlusion, intra hepatic veno – occlusive disease or occlusion
of main hepatic veins (Budd‐ chiari syndrome)
Diagnosis by decompensated chronic liver disease & encephalopathy, ascites or variceal
bleeding.
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MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING VARICES:Resuscitation : varices present with acute on set of large volume hematemesis, lower oesophagus common site for variceal bleeding.LFT reveal underlying liver disease, coagulation profile reveal underlying coagulapathy, which can be treated by injection vit – k (10 mg) IV.FFP – Associated with thrombocytopenia,secondary to hyper splenism, due to cirrhosis
& treated if platelet count falls below 5000/ litre.
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Cont‐
Variceal bleeding associated with encephalopathy – endoscopic evaluation.
Mechanical ventilation is needed.
Bronchial aspiration usual complication.
Blood loss to be evaluated by endoscopic evaluation.
If loss is extensive & profuse bleeding, sengstaken.
Blake more tube may be inserted to provide temporary hemostasis.
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Cont‐
After insertion, gastric balloon inflatted with 250 ml of air & retracted to fundus, where gastro oesophageal varices tamponaded by subsequent inflation of oesophageal balloon to a pressure of 40 mm HG.
Two remaining channels allow gastric & oesophageal aspiration.
Balloon should be temporarily deflated after 12 hrs to prevent pressure necrosis of oesophagus.
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DRUG TREATMENT FOR VARICEAL BLEED:
Long acting somatostatin analogue “octreotide” 20 Iu in 10 ml of 5 % dextrose, IV
slowly.
It is a vasopressin.
ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT:
Sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate, or butyl cyanoacrylate.
Banding may be tried, which is less chance for esophageal ulceration.
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TRANSJUGULAR INTRA HEPATIC PORTO SYSTEMIC STENT SHUNTS:
If above measure fails, TIPSS is ideal.
In this shunts are inserted under L.A, analgesia & sedation, using fluoroscopic guidance & ultrasonagraphy,via IJV & SVC.
A guide wire inserted in to a hepatic vein & through parenchyma in to a branch of portal vein.
The track through parenchyma, dilated with balloon catheter to allow insertion of metallic stent.
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Cont‐
Now, drop in portal vein pressure with control of variceal hemarrhage.
Complication – perforation of liver capsule, which may leads to fatal intra peritoneal hage.
Some times TIPSS may worsen the hage.
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Cont.,
If severe, lumen of TIPSS reduced by insertion of smaller stent.
Post shunt encephalopathy due to portal blood bypassing detoxication of liver.
Contra indication for TIPSS is portal vein occlusion stenosis of shunt.
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SURGICAL SHUNTS FOR VARICEAL HAGE :
Rare procedure, because of its ↑ morbidity or
mortality.
Main indication : cirrhosis, not responds to
sclerothrerapy.
ß blockers or banding.
It prevents rebleeding from varices,by reducing pressure in portal circulation by diverting blood in to low pressure systemic circulation, to preserve spleno renal blood flow to liver.
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Cont.,While decompression, left side of portal circulation which is responsible for oesophageal & gastric varices.
Indicated only after bleed.
OESOPHAGEAL STAPLED TRANSECTION:
By using circular stapling device for oesophageal varices.
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MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT VARICEAL BLEED SECONDARY TO SPLENIC & PV THROMBOSIS:
Splenectomy with gastro oesophageal devascularisation in which blood supply to greater & lesser curve of stomach & lower oesophagus is divided.
Splenic vein thrombosis is due to chronic
pancreatitis.
P.V. thrombosis due to liver cirrhosis (late)
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VARICEAL BLEEDING & ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION:
Indicated if all the measures failed.
Contraindications for OLT > 65 yrs.
IHD
CCF
COPD
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ASCITES:
Accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to chr‐ Liver disease.
Insidious development.
Pt c/o discomfort & dragging sensation.
Aetiology: Chr. Cirrhosis.
P.V. Thrombosis & splenic vein thrombosis.
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DIAGNOSIS BY C.T:
Shows ascites, irregular shrunken cirrhotic liver, splenomegaly.
IV contrast enhancement will show abdominal varices, portal vein patency & thrombosis.
Malignancy can be detected.
Aspiration of fluids shows exudate or transudate.
Amylase to exclude pancreatic ascites, cytology shows cancer cells.
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Microscopic exam & culture exclude primary bacterial peritonitis & TB peritonitis.
Urine “Na” excretion useful to diuretic therapy in cirrhosis.
TREATMENT OF ASCITES IN CHR.LIVER DISEASE:Restrict excess salt intake.Diuretics – Spironolactone or frusemide avoid alcohol.Pt fails to respond above measure may require abdominal paracentesis with dextrose
or human albumin solution.
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PERITONEO VENOUS SHUNTING:
Le. Veen shunt ‐ one end of silastic tube inserted in to peritoneal cavity, & it is tunnelled subcutaneously to neck, where inserted in to
IJV & in to SVC.
Owing to one way valve in the tube ascites drain in to SVC, where pressure is low compared to abdomen during respiratory cycle.
Complications ‐ displacement, occlusion & infection.
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TIPSS FOR ASCITES:
Emergency treatment of bleeding varices
secondary to PH.
LIVER TRANSPLANTION :Ascites
Diabetic resistant cases with associated liver failure.
↑ PT, Bilirubin & ↓ Albumin
< 65 years.
No other medical problems.
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CHR. LIVER CONDITIONS :
BUDD – CHIARI SYNDROME:
Affect young female in which venous drainage of liver occluded by hepatic venous
thrombosis or obstruction from venous web.
Due to venous out flow obstruction, liver congested with impaired liver function.
Subsequently develops PH ascites & oesophageal varices.
In acute cases Pt may go for liver failure abdominal discomfort&ascites are common.
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Cont‐
In late, liver go for cirrhosis.
Cause for venous thrombosis are myeloproliferative disorder, Procoagulantstate (anti thrombin ‐ 3 , protein ‐ C or protein ‐
S deficiency).
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C.T. SCAN:
Hepatomegaly in early case.
In late case small shrunken liver with gross enlargement of segment – I (caudate lobe).
IVC compression or occlusion from the segment – I hypertrophy, as in thrombosis of P.V.
Confirmation by hepatic venography via trans
Jugular approach, demonstrate the occlusion
of hepatic vein & allow trans jugular biopsy.
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TREATMENT:
Pt with liver failure, cirrhosis, PH –transplantation advisable.
For pts without cirrhosis ‐ Porto systemic shunt by TIPPS, Portocaval or mesoatrial shunt.
IVC compression relieved by insertion of retro hepatic expandable metallic stent.
Life long anticoagulant with warfarin.
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PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS:
Young adults.
Rarely jaundice due to biliary obstruction.
Progressive fibrous stricturing & obliteration of both intra hepatic & extra hepatic bile ducts.
Aetiology: mostly genetic, associated with chr. ulcerative colitis.
Diagnosis by cholangiography in which irregular, narrowed bile ducts in both intra & extra hepatic biliary tree.
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Cont –
In equivocal case, liver biopsy required to demonstrate fibrous obliteration of biliary tract.
Progressive cholestasis & death from liver failure.
Predisposes to cholangio carcinoma which is diagnosede by biliary brush cytology.
Tt: Liver transplantation, before cancer develops.
Jaundice relieved by biliary stenting.
Cholangitis is the complication of stenting.
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PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS:
Female.
Malaise, lethargy & pruritus.
Jaundice & liver failure.
Diagnosis suggested by circulating
anti smooth muscle anti bodies & liver biopsy.
Complications: P.H, Ascites & variceal bleeding.
Tt: Liver transplantation.
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CAROLI’S DISEASE:
Congenital dilatation of intra hepatic biliary tree, which is complicated by formation of intra hepatic stone, abdominal, pain, sepsis &
cholangio carcinoma.
Diagnosis by USG, CT.
Tt: Sepsis – antibiotics.
Obstructed & septic bile ducts may be drained radiologically or surgically.
“Ca”‐ segmental resection.
Liver transplantation is ideal.
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SIMPLE CYSTIC DISEASE:
Common: Detected by USG.
Large cyst causes abdominal discomfort.
Under USG – aspiration can be done.
Laparoscopic deroofing is treatment of choice.
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POLY CYSTIC LIVER DISEASE:
Congenital, may be associated with pancreas & kidney polycystic disease.
Asymptomatic & incidental by USG.
Abd. Discomfort, relieved by analgesics.
Severe pain indicates hage. in to cysts, confirmed by USG & CT.
Laparoscopic fenestration ideal.
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