it is with significant morbidity - srm institute of ... trauma.pdf · @it is serious injury with...

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LIVER TRAUMA : @ Uncommon because of its position & chest wall protection. @ It is serious injury with significant morbidity & mortality even with proper management. @ Blunt injury produce contusion, laceration & avulsion injury to liver.

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Page 1: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

LIVER TRAUMA :

Uncommon because of its position & chest  wall protection.

It is serious injury with significant morbidity & mortality even with proper management.

Blunt injury produce contusion, laceration & avulsion injury to liver.

Page 2: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

PENETRATING INJURYStab & gun shot injuries which associated   with injuries to chest or pericardium, spleen or kidney. DIAGNOSIS LIVER INJURY:All lower chest injuries & upper abdominal  stab 

wounds suspect.If blood loss is more.If rib #  & haemothorax  rt. side.If the injury is penetrating, liver injury suspected.Oral & IV contrast CT of chest & abdomen needed.

Page 3: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

Cont.,

It shows parenchymal damage or injury to  the feeding vessels. 

Free fluid in abdomen detected & blood confirmed by aspiration.

Chest scan shows damaged to lung& great  vessel.

Peritoneal lavage confirm hemoperitoneum.

Laparoscopy in addition shows the diaphragmatic rupture. 

Page 4: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

MANAGEMENT :PENETRATING INJURY

Assess pt’s air way patency & circulation.

Blood count, urea, electrolytes, LFT, clotting screen.

Surgar & amylase to be estimated.

IV fluids, colloids & blood to be given.

Pt intupated & ventilated if gas exchange  is inadequate by analysis of ABG”.

ICD indicated if there is pneumothorax or hemothorax.

FFP to be given to prevent irreversible coagulopathies due to lack of fibrinogen &  clotting 

factors. 

Page 5: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

BLUNT TRAUMA:

Resuscitation as above, CT to evaluate  injury.

Usually conservative.

If there is on going blood loss, despite  correction of  underlying coagulopathy & signs of peritonitis.

Page 6: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

SURGICAL APPROACH TO LIVER TRAUMA:

Midline incision, a stab incision, sutured with absorbable  sutures, by applying vascular occlusion clamp across foramen Winslow (Pringles manoeuvre).

If lacerations to hepatic artery, it may be ligated prior to suture the liver injury.

Portal vein injuries sutured with 5˚ prolene  by applying atraumatic vascular clamp  proximally.

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Cont‐

Diffuse parenchymal injuries treated by packing the liver to produce hemostasis & abdomen closed.

Parenchymal haematomas & diffuse  capsular lacerations due to crush injury,  packing is useful.

Necrotic tissue should be removed &   package may be removed after 48 hrs.

Antibiotics reversal of coagulopathy is  essential.

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Cont‐

If major liver vascular injury, refer to a  specialist centre, for venovenous by pass  using cannulae in the femoral vein via long  sephenous cut down & returned to SVC via 

Internal jugular line.

Using roller pump IVC to be safely clamped  for caval or hepatic vein repair.

Rapid infuser blood transfusion machine facilitate delivery of large volume of blood instantaneously. 

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Cont‐

By mid line incision, liver mobilised, by division of supporting ligaments, vascular isolation of liver achieved by occluding hilar inflow & IVC above the renal veins at  the 

level of diaphragm with vascular clamps.

Venous return provided by venovenous by  pass .

Clamps should not be > 45 mts.

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OTHER COMPLICATIONS OF LIVER TRAUMA:

Sub capsular or intra hepatic hematoma – No surgical intervention allowed to resolve 

spontaneously.Sometimes parenchymal ischaemia leads to abscess due to secondary infection.

TREATMENT:Aspiration under USG guidance & antibiotics.Bile collection require aspiration under USG or 

percutaneous insertion of drain.

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Cont‐

Site of biliary fistula determined by endoscopic   or percutaneous cholangiography & biliary decompression by nasobiliary , PTHD or endoprosthesis insertion.

If it fails, affected portion of liver may be resected. 

Late vascular complications ‐ hepatic artery aneurysms & arteriovenous & arteriobiliary fistulae which are treated by transarterial embolisation of feeding vessel.

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Cont‐

Liver failure occur in extensive liver trauma.

If blood supply & biliary drainage of liver intact ‐ conservative line of treatment.

LATE COMPLICATIONS:

Biliary tract stricture.

Dominant extra hepatic bile duct stricture with obstructive jaundice, may be treated with endobiliary balloon dilatation or  stenting, 

& later roux – en‐ y hepatic docho jejunostomy.

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PORTAL  HT:

Occur in liver cirrhosis.

Extra hepatic portal vein occlusion, intra hepatic veno – occlusive disease or  occlusion 

of main hepatic veins (Budd‐ chiari  syndrome)

Diagnosis by decompensated chronic liver disease & encephalopathy, ascites or variceal 

bleeding.

Page 14: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

MANAGEMENT OF BLEEDING VARICES:Resuscitation : varices present with acute on set of large volume hematemesis, lower oesophagus common site for variceal  bleeding.LFT reveal underlying liver disease, coagulation profile reveal underlying coagulapathy, which can be treated by injection vit – k (10 mg) IV.FFP – Associated with  thrombocytopenia,secondary to hyper splenism, due to  cirrhosis 

& treated if platelet count falls below 5000/ litre.

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Cont‐

Variceal bleeding associated with encephalopathy – endoscopic evaluation.

Mechanical ventilation is needed.

Bronchial aspiration usual complication.

Blood loss to be evaluated by endoscopic evaluation.

If loss is extensive & profuse bleeding, sengstaken.

Blake more tube may be inserted to provide temporary hemostasis.

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Cont‐

After insertion, gastric balloon inflatted  with 250 ml of air & retracted to fundus, where gastro oesophageal varices tamponaded by subsequent  inflation of oesophageal balloon to a pressure of 40 mm HG.

Two remaining channels allow gastric & oesophageal aspiration.

Balloon should be temporarily deflated after 12 hrs to prevent  pressure necrosis of oesophagus.

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DRUG TREATMENT FOR VARICEAL BLEED:

Long acting somatostatin analogue “octreotide” 20 Iu in 10 ml of 5 % dextrose,  IV 

slowly.

It is a vasopressin.

ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT:

Sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate, or butyl cyanoacrylate.

Banding may be tried, which is less chance  for esophageal ulceration.

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TRANSJUGULAR INTRA HEPATIC PORTO SYSTEMIC STENT SHUNTS:

If above measure fails, TIPSS is ideal.

In this shunts are  inserted under L.A,  analgesia & sedation, using fluoroscopic  guidance & ultrasonagraphy,via IJV & SVC.

A guide wire inserted  in to a  hepatic vein & through  parenchyma in to a  branch of portal vein.

The track through  parenchyma, dilated with balloon catheter to allow insertion of metallic stent.

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Cont‐

Now, drop in portal vein pressure with control of  variceal hemarrhage.

Complication – perforation of liver capsule, which may leads to fatal intra peritoneal hage.

Some times TIPSS may worsen the  hage.

Page 20: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

Cont.,

If severe, lumen of TIPSS reduced by insertion of smaller stent.

Post shunt encephalopathy due to portal   blood bypassing detoxication of liver.

Contra indication for TIPSS is portal vein occlusion stenosis of shunt.

Page 21: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

SURGICAL SHUNTS FOR VARICEAL HAGE :

Rare procedure, because of its ↑ morbidity or

mortality.

Main indication : cirrhosis, not responds to 

sclerothrerapy.

ß blockers or banding.

It prevents rebleeding from varices,by  reducing pressure in portal circulation by  diverting blood in to low pressure systemic  circulation, to preserve spleno renal  blood flow to liver.

Page 22: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

Cont.,While decompression, left side of portal circulation which  is responsible for oesophageal & gastric varices.

Indicated only after bleed.

OESOPHAGEAL STAPLED TRANSECTION:

By using circular stapling device for oesophageal varices.

Page 23: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT VARICEAL BLEED SECONDARY TO SPLENIC & PV THROMBOSIS:

Splenectomy with gastro oesophageal devascularisation in which blood supply to greater & lesser curve of stomach & lower oesophagus is divided.

Splenic vein thrombosis is due to chronic   

pancreatitis.

P.V. thrombosis due to liver cirrhosis (late)

Page 24: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

VARICEAL BLEEDING & ORTHOTOPIC LIVER TRANSPLANTATION:

Indicated if all the measures failed.

Contraindications for OLT > 65 yrs.

IHD

CCF

COPD

Page 25: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

ASCITES:

Accumulation of free  fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to chr‐ Liver disease.

Insidious development.

Pt c/o discomfort &  dragging sensation.

Aetiology: Chr. Cirrhosis.

P.V. Thrombosis & splenic vein thrombosis.

Page 26: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

DIAGNOSIS BY C.T:

Shows ascites, irregular shrunken cirrhotic liver, splenomegaly.

IV contrast enhancement will show abdominal varices, portal vein patency & thrombosis.

Malignancy can be detected.

Aspiration of fluids shows exudate or transudate.

Amylase to exclude pancreatic ascites, cytology shows cancer cells.

Page 27: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

Microscopic exam & culture exclude  primary bacterial peritonitis & TB peritonitis.

Urine “Na” excretion useful to diuretic therapy in cirrhosis.

TREATMENT OF ASCITES IN CHR.LIVER DISEASE:Restrict excess salt intake.Diuretics – Spironolactone or frusemide avoid alcohol.Pt fails to respond above measure may require abdominal paracentesis with  dextrose 

or human albumin solution.

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PERITONEO VENOUS SHUNTING:

Le. Veen shunt ‐ one end of silastic tube inserted in to  peritoneal cavity, & it is  tunnelled subcutaneously to neck, where  inserted in to 

IJV & in to SVC.

Owing to one way valve in the tube ascites drain in to SVC, where pressure is low compared to abdomen during respiratory cycle.

Complications ‐ displacement, occlusion &  infection.

Page 29: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

TIPSS FOR ASCITES: 

Emergency treatment of bleeding varices   

secondary to PH.

LIVER TRANSPLANTION :Ascites

Diabetic resistant cases with associated  liver failure.

↑ PT, Bilirubin & ↓ Albumin 

< 65 years.

No other medical problems.

Page 30: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

CHR. LIVER CONDITIONS :

BUDD – CHIARI SYNDROME:

Affect young female in which venous drainage of liver occluded by hepatic  venous 

thrombosis or obstruction from  venous web.

Due to venous out  flow obstruction, liver  congested with impaired liver function. 

Subsequently develops PH ascites & oesophageal varices.

In acute cases Pt may go for liver failure abdominal discomfort&ascites are common.

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Cont‐

In late,  liver go for cirrhosis.

Cause for venous thrombosis are myeloproliferative disorder, Procoagulantstate (anti thrombin ‐ 3 , protein ‐ C or protein ‐

S deficiency).

Page 32: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

C.T. SCAN:

Hepatomegaly in early case.

In  late case small shrunken liver with gross enlargement of segment – I (caudate lobe).

IVC compression or occlusion from the segment – I hypertrophy, as in thrombosis of P.V.

Confirmation by hepatic venography via trans

Jugular approach, demonstrate the occlusion

of hepatic vein & allow trans jugular biopsy.

Page 33: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

TREATMENT:

Pt with liver failure, cirrhosis, PH –transplantation advisable.

For pts without cirrhosis ‐ Porto systemic shunt by TIPPS, Portocaval or mesoatrial shunt.

IVC compression relieved by insertion of retro hepatic expandable metallic stent.

Life long anticoagulant with warfarin.

Page 34: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS:

Young adults.

Rarely jaundice due to biliary obstruction.

Progressive fibrous stricturing & obliteration    of both intra hepatic & extra hepatic bile ducts.

Aetiology: mostly genetic, associated with  chr. ulcerative colitis.

Diagnosis by cholangiography in which irregular, narrowed bile ducts in both intra & extra hepatic biliary tree.

Page 35: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

Cont –

In equivocal case, liver biopsy required to demonstrate fibrous obliteration of biliary tract. 

Progressive cholestasis & death from liver failure.

Predisposes to cholangio carcinoma which  is diagnosede by biliary brush cytology.

Tt:    Liver transplantation, before cancer develops.

Jaundice relieved  by biliary stenting. 

Cholangitis is the complication of stenting.

Page 36: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS:

Female.

Malaise, lethargy & pruritus.

Jaundice & liver failure.

Diagnosis suggested by circulating

anti smooth muscle anti bodies & liver biopsy.

Complications:     P.H,  Ascites & variceal bleeding.

Tt:    Liver transplantation.

Page 37: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

CAROLI’S DISEASE:

Congenital dilatation of intra hepatic biliary tree, which is complicated by formation of intra hepatic stone, abdominal, pain,  sepsis & 

cholangio carcinoma.

Diagnosis by USG,  CT.

Tt:    Sepsis – antibiotics.

Obstructed & septic bile ducts may be          drained radiologically or surgically.

“Ca”‐ segmental resection.

Liver transplantation is ideal.

Page 38: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

SIMPLE CYSTIC DISEASE:

Common:   Detected by USG.

Large cyst causes abdominal discomfort. 

Under USG – aspiration can be done.

Laparoscopic deroofing is treatment of  choice.

Page 39: It is with significant morbidity - SRM Institute of ... trauma.pdf · @It is serious injury with significant morbidity & ... @Banding may be tried, which is less chance for ... @Diagnosis

POLY CYSTIC LIVER DISEASE:

Congenital, may be associated with  pancreas & kidney polycystic disease.

Asymptomatic & incidental by USG.

Abd. Discomfort, relieved by analgesics.

Severe pain indicates hage. in to cysts, confirmed by USG & CT.

Laparoscopic fenestration ideal.

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