it for managers report

8/9/2019 IT for Managers Report

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Butchi Babu for introducing IT for

Managers to us and for giving us a chance to do this project.

We are grateful for his continuous support without which this project would not have been

completed.

I express my sincere gratitude to my parents, friends and all others who have directly or

indirectly inspired and helped me to complete my project with unremitting zeal and enthusiasm.


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Open source

Open source i an approach to the desi n, development, and distri tion of soft are,

offering practical accessi ilit to soft ares source code. Some consider open source as one of

various possi le design approaches, while others consider it a critical strategic element of their

operations. Before open source became widel adopted, developers and producers used a variet of

phrases to describe the concept;the term open source gained popularit with the rise ofthe Internet,

which provided access to diverse production models, communication paths, and interactive

communities.

The most well- nown open source software is Linux, a UNIX operating system derivative

named afterits creator, Linus Torvalds. The Linux Foundation, where Linus works, is more orless

"in charge of" the operating system kernel. (Of course under open source development philosophy,

anyone can take it and fork it into something else but Linus owns the name Linux.) The Linux

kernel is turned into a platform by adding a wide range of utility software, primarily developed

underthe banner ofthe Gnu organi ation.

How Open Source Software Is Developed?

One or more developers--meaning people who have the skills to create software--get an idea

about creating software to solve a problem. The developers start writing code to create a solution.

This is frequently called "scratching an itch."The developers putthis code where other developers

can find out aboutit, download it, and play with it.


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Usually the source code is published under one of several popular open source licenses that

ensure that the source code and any derivative works remain open source. Through an informal

process of sharing ideas, fiddling with each others' code, and trial and error, the software gets better

and better, sometimes changing direction to solve new problems as new people discover the

software.

At some point, the software gets finished or doesn't. It becomes popular, stays obscure, or

fades away. Programs like Linux and Apache have had thousands of contributors. Other projects

have been created by one or two people. As time goes on, developers come and go, and projects

become active or dormant.

Mobile operating system:

A Mobile operating system, also known as a Mobile OS, a Mobile platform, or a handheld

operating system, is the operating system that controls a mobile devicesimilar in principle to an

operating system such as Linux or Windows that controls a desktop computer. However, they are

currently somewhat simpler, and deal more with the wireless versions of broadband and local

connectivity, mobile multimedia formats, and differentinput methods.

Types ofMobile Operating System:

1)Symbian OSSymbian is an operating system (OS) designed for mobile devices and Smartphones, with

associated libraries, user interface, frameworks and reference

implementations of common tools, developed by Symbian Ltd. It was a

descendant of Psion's EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86

port existed.

Symbian OS was created with three systems design principles in mind:

y The integrity and security of user data is paramount,y Usertime must not be wasted, andy All resources are scarce.


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2)Java Platform, Micro EditionJava Platform, Micro Edition, orJava ME, is a Java platform designed for mobile devices

and embedded systems. Target devices range from industrial controls to mobile phones and

set-top boxes. Java ME technology was originally created in order to deal with the

constraints associated with building applications for small devices. Forthis purpose Sun

defined the basics for Java ME technology to fit such a limited environment and make it

possible to create Java applications running on small devices with limited memory, display and

power capacity.

Java ME platform is a collection oftechnologies and specifications that can be combined to

construct a complete Java runtime environment specifically to fit the requirements of a particular

device or market. This offers a flexibility and co-existence for allthe players in the eco-system to

seamlessly cooperate to offerthe most appealing experience forthe end-user.

The Java ME technology is based on three elements;

y A configuration provides the most basic set oflibraries and virtual machine capabilities for abroad range of devices,

y A profile is a set of APIs that support a narrower range of devices, andy An optional package is a set oftechnology-specific APIs.

Overtime the Java ME platform has been divided into two base configurations, one to fit small

mobile devices and one to be targeted towards more capable mobile devices like smartphones and

settop boxes.

3)RIM-BlackBerryRIM provides a proprietary multi-tasking operating system (OS) for the BlackBerry, which

makes heavy use of the device's speciali ed input devices, particularly the

scroll wheel (19992006) or more recently the trackball (September 122006


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present) and track pad (September 2009-present). The OS provides support for Java MIDP 1.0 and

WAP 1.2. Previous versions allowed wireless synchroni ation with Microsoft Exchange Server's e-

mail and calendar, as well as with Lotus Domino's e-mail. The current OS 4 provides a subset of

MIDP 2.0, and allows complete wireless activation and synchroni ation with Exchange's e-mail,

calendar, tasks, notes and contacts, and adds support for Novell GroupWise and Lotus Notes.

Third-party developers can write software using these APIs, proprietary BlackBerry APIs as

well, but any application that makes use of certain restricted functionality must be digitally signed

so that it can be associated to a developer account at RIM. This signing procedure guarantees the

authorship of an application, but does not guarantee the quality or security ofthe code.

4)Windows MobileWindows Mobile is a compact operating system developed by Microsoft, and designed for

use in smart phones and mobile devices. It is based on Windows CE, and

features a suite of basic applications developed using the Microsoft Windows

API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows,

feature-wise and aesthetically. Additionally, third-party software development

is available for Windows Mobile, and software can be purchased via the

Windows Marketplace forMobile.

The Windows Mobile OS and applications are "embedded" programs, which means that

Microsoft licenses them to the companies that manufacture the handhelds (known as "original

equipment manufacturers" or "OEMs"), and they build them into the devices thatthey manufacture.

With the exception of system-wide upgrades offered by some OEMs, the Windows Mobile software

cannot be deleted or reinstalled by the handheld user.

5) iPhone OSThe iPhone OS, known as OS X iPhonein its early history, is the operating system developed

by Apple Inc. forthe iPhone and iPod touch. Like Mac OS X, from which

it was derived, it uses the Darwin foundation. iPhone OS has four

abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media


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layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The operating system takes less than 240 Megabytes of the

device's total memory storage.

iPhone OS' user interface is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch

gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user

input is supposed to be immediate to provide a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes

gestures such as swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching. Additionally, using internal

accelerometers, holding the device sideways (so thatthe screen is in landscape orientation) alters the

screen orientation in some applications.

6)AndroidAndroidis a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel. It was initially developed

by Android Inc., a firm later purchased by Google, and lately by the

Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code

in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.

Software development kitThe Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools. These include a

debugger, libraries, a handset emulator, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently

supported development platforms include x86-architecture computers running Linux (any modern

desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.8 orlater, Windows XP or Vista.

Requirements also include Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later. The

officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Ecli pse (3.2 orlater) using the

Android Development Tools (ADT) Plug in, though developers may use any text editorto edit Java

and XML files then use command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications.

Featuresy Application frameworkenabling reuse and replacement of componentsy Dalvik virtual machine optimi ed for mobile devicesy Integrated browser based on the open source Web Kit engine


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y Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on theOpenGL ES 1.0 specification (hardware acceleration optional)

y SQLite for structured data storagey Media support for common audio, video, and stillimage formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3,

AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)

y GSMTelephony (hardware dependent)y Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and WiFi (hardware dependent)y Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent)

Architecture

ANDROID ARCHITECTURE


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Linux kernelThe Linux kernelis an operating system kernel used by the Linux family of Unix-like

operating systems. Itis one ofthe most prominent examples of free and open source software.

Market Description:

Operating systems that can be found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS,

RIM's BlackBerry, Windows Mobile (marketed as Windows phone), Linux, Palm WebOS and

Android. Android and WebOS are in turn built on top of Linux, and the iPhone OS is derived from

the BSD and NeXTSTEP operating systems, which all are related toUnix.

The most common operating systems (OS) used in Smartphones by Q2 2009 sales are:

Symbian OS from Symbian Ltd. (50.3%Market Share Sales Q2 2009)

Symbian has the largest share in most markets worldwide, but lags behind other companies

in the relatively small but highly visible North American market. This matches the success of its

largest shareholder

and customer, Nokia, in all markets except Japan. It is used by many majorhandset manufacturers, including BenQ, LG, Motorola, Samsung, and Sony Ericsson. Various

implementations of user interfaces on top of Symbian are incompatible, which along with the

requirement that applications running on mobile phones be signed is hindering the potential for a

truly widely accepted mobile application platform.


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RIM Bl Berry operati system (20.9% Market Share Sales Q4 2009)

This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally designed for business. Recently it

has seen a surge in third party applications and has been improved to offer full multimedia support.

i hone OS from AppleInc. (13.7% Market Share Sales Q2 2009)

The iPhone uses an operating system called iPhone OS, which is derived from Mac OS X.

Third party applications were not officially supported until the release of iPhone OS 2.0 on July

11th 2008. Before this, " jail breaking" allowed third party applications to be installed, and this

method is still available.

Windows Mobile from Microsoft (9% Market Share Sales Q2 2009)

The Windows C operating system and Windows Mobile middleware are widely spread in

Asia. The two improved variants of this operating system, Windows Mobile 6 Professional (for

touch screen devices) and Windows Mobile 6 Standard, were unveiled in February 2007. Windows

Mobile benefits from the low barrier to entry for third party developers to write new applications for

the platform. It has been criticized for having a user interface which is not optimized for touch input

by fingers; instead, it is more usable with a stylus. However, unlike iPhone OS, it does support both

touch screen and physical keyboard configurations.

Android from GoogleInc. (2.8% Market Share Sales Q2 2009)

Android was developed by Google Inc. Android is an Open Source, Linux derived platform

backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM,

and eBay, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance.This OS, though very new, already

has a cult following among programmers eager to develop apps for its flexible, Open Source, back

end. Android promises to give developers access to every aspect of the phone's operation. This

lends many to foresee the promise of further growth for the Android platform.


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Comparison of Different Mobile OS with Android:

1) Android Vs IPhoneApple's iPhone OS and Google's Android OS have a great dealin common; both are Linux-

based operating systems for smart phones that have been puttogether by companies best known fortheir accomplishments in the PC space. But there are some dramatic differences that make these

mobile platforms almost as different as they can be.

The iPhone's operating system is completely closed. Itis being developed by Apple and for

Apple. The only smart phones that will ever run it are made by this one company. Android, on the

other hand, is open. It is developed primarily by Google, but with the hel p of a collection of

companies. Many of the members of this group, the Open Handset Alliance, will release smart

phones based on Android, including HTC, Samsung, and Motorola.

There are advantages and disadvantages to both systems, and the competition between the

two is going to shape the smart phone market for years to come.

IPhone: Closed System

Before Apple came along, the poster child for closed operating systems was BlackBerry.

RIM has built a very, very successful company by developing a proprietary operating system to runonly on its smart phones, and Apple is following in its footsteps.

The biggest advantage ofthis is it lets the developers target the OS for a specific group of

devices. Apple's engineers know exactly whatthe hardware running their OSis going to be, and can

tweakthe OS to make it run as efficiently on that hardware as possible.


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In addition, because there's just one company making Blackberries, iPhones, etc. these

operating systems and associated software are targeted to fulfil that company's goals for their

products. The developers don't have to try to meet the disparate needs of a variety of companies.

The disadvantage of a completely closed platform is that limited input can lead to limited

devices. For example, Apple prefers built in memory to memory card slots. If you want a

Smartphone with a memory card slot, an iPhone isn't an option for you.

Android: Open System

Google and its partners are creating a completely open operating system. It will even be open

source, so anyone who would like to can take a look at the source code.

The real strength of this system is it allows a huge amount of people and companies to

collaborate on this OS. Any company who wants to make a Smartphone based on Android can do so

without paying a licensing fee, and can modify the software in any way to make it suit its specific

needs.

The drawback of this arrangement is it can waste huge amounts of time. The OHA members

are either going to have to spend a great deal of time hammering out their differences to make an

OS that meets all their needs, or each one is going to have to spend time and resources modifying

the generic version to suit themselves.

Even in the best circumstances, the default version of this operating system is going to have

to be fairly generic, as it will have been developed by companies who plan to use it on a wide range

of Smartphone, with different screen sizes, input methods, processors, RAM, etc. There's the danger

that by trying to be everything to everyone, Android won't be very good at anything.

Of course, companies will be able to modify the generic version to suit their specific needs,

but if they have to spend months tinkering with Android, there's not much time savings over starting

from scratch. And if all the versions of Android are very different from each other, the OHA loses

much of the advantages of it being a cohesive platform.


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2) Android vs. Windows MobileAndroid is atleast a million times faster (exaggeration) than Windows Mobile. I even had

hacked my Windows Mobile phone to be FASTER and it was STILL really slow. Notto mention

the screen was horrible compared to the G1s. Windows Mobile cant support capacitive touch

screens, whereas Android can. This, right offthe bat, makes Android a lot more kick-ass.

Capacitive Touch screens = only respond to human touch. Meaning if you try to touch it

with a glove, it wouldnt work.

Resistive Touch screens = workif you touch them with anything. Theyjust sense pressure

on the screen, so you could setit off with a door handle.

The G1, in many ways, is betterthan the iPhone. Ill only getinto the one topic for now

which is "how do you use the iPhone with gloves on?" You cant. Same question for Android?

You use a TRACKBALL. Thats thinking outside the box. Ill getinto that some othertime.

ANDROID:

PROS:

Fast, sleek, sexy, refined, MARKETPLACE FOR ALL APPS, capacitive touch screens, open

source, can use in winter, better onscreen keyboard, made by Google.

CONS:

Only one phone (for nowthis will change in a matter of months), less softwarecurrently

available, cant record video (will be able to as of update coming in a matter of days).


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WINDOWS MOBILE:

PROS:

Lots of software available, on a lot of phones, extremely customi able.

CONS:

Buggy, slow, ugly, only resistive touch screens, no marketplace (yet).

In Windows Mobile, you have to go on your computer and search websites for .cab files.

You then have to find one, somehow getit onto your phone, and then installit onto your phone. In

orderto update that application, you have to repeatthe entire process.

In Android, you merely click on the Marketplace app, browse / search to find the app you

want, and click Install. Itthen downloads the file onto the device for you and installs it. Its even

simplerthan I made it sound. In orderto update any application, you merely have to wait untilit

tells you thatthere is an available update for a certain application. Then youjust click "update" and

it does the rest.

3)Android Vs. SymbianIn the battle of the open-source mobile platforms, developers have at least two choices:

Google Android, which is open source but (relatively) closed development, orSymbian, which is

open source...once it gets around to releasing the full source code.Gartner expects Android to

become the second-most popular mobile platform within the next few years as it continues to gobble

up Symbian's declining market share.


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Symbian has been dismissive of Google Android, as well as smaller upstarts like the LiMo

Foundation, arguing that the latter is overly focused on middleware for wireless operators and the

former is fake open source with more hype than substance. All of which might be true, but the

reality is that it seems to be working for Android. Google has been signing new handset

manufacturers at a frenetic pace, while Symbian has been holding steady with Nokia...and that's

about it.

Despite Symbian announcing new handsets, Google is actually shipping Android. There's a

big difference between marketing and reality. Google Android offers the latter. For all the buzz that

Android gets from developers, its success owes more to handset manufacturers than to open source

developers. Handset manufacturers and wireless carriers are hungry for alternatives to surging

Apple and declining Microsoft. And while others may not be seeing source code in copious

amounts, handset manufacturers are apparently getting their fill.

More than this, though, Google gives them a safe, consumer friendly brand. Symbian does

not. This is the reason Google Android is winning. It's not about developers at least, not yet.

Neither Symbian nor Android really offers developers open communities and open code. No, the

difference today is brand. Google has it. Symbian does not, and that's despite decade long

dominance of the mobile market.

Symbian still has a ways to go. It has a weak user interface (UI) that is supposed to get better,

but that describes much that is wrong with Symbian today. Everything (source code, revamped UI,

and resumption of market dominance) is always spoken of in the future tense.

4)Android Vs. RIM1. Android MarketApplications can literally transform the enterprise. A variety of apps designed specifically for

business users could lead to a serious improvement for Android in the corporate world. Granted,

RIM has an app store as well, but so far, Android has more than twice as many apps that are, at least

right now, far more appealing.


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2. Android is open sourceRIM is the only company that controls the BlackBerry, which means only its decision

makers, decide what companies will get. Android allows any vendor to create its own Android

experience.

3. Remember Chrome OSAndroid would seem like a natural mobile partner for Chrome OS. Imagine doing work using

Chrome OS, transferring it to Android and going about the day. That should appeal to several

companies.

4. Google DocsGoogle Docs is an extremely important component of Google's strategy for Android. The

company is trying to push it on customers in a new advertising campaign, highlighting the factthat,

for many companies, Google Docs mightjust be enough. Microsoft Office is a powerful program,

but as Google Docs continues to be improved and Google pushes for better integration with

Android, it could be the company's Trojan horse for entrance into the enterprise.

6. RIM's advantages aren't unique

One of the biggest problems facing the BlackBerry today is that its advantages don't

differentiate RIM's products. Sure, Blackberrys are currently the best when it comes to push e-mail,

and BlackBerry Enterprise Server is fantastic. But it's not beyond the realm of possibility to see

Android-based devices featuring the same technology. If RIM can do it, why can't Google?


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7. Android looks to the future

Say what you will about the iPhone, but it has appealed to enterprise customers. It looks like

the next generation. And it appeals to what people wanta touch screen with engaging features.

Android based devices have followed Apple down that path. They look like they're the future. They

appeal to users. That could be important in the future.

8. Its Google

Google is, well, Google. It has billions of dollars of cash on hand. It has set its sights on the

enterprise. It has online tools that can be easily integrated into its mobile platform. Simply put, it

has the money and the vision it needs to revolutionize the space. I wouldn't count it out. And neither

should RIM.

Suggestions for Google Android Improvement

1. Video Support Needs To Be Added:I was surprised to find out that the G1 and for that matter Google Android only supports

video playback for YouTube videos. Google's idea here is that third party developers can create a

video player option and then add it to the Google Marketplace. If anything I would suggest Google

at least release a "beta" player with video recording support and allow programs to build upon the

open source of the code, this could be a great way to develop a standardized backbone in which

programmers can build upon each others successes to build the ultimate mobile video player.

2. Desktop Sync?As of right now there is no desktop sync option. This alone creates some big issues with the

Google Android System. Windows Mobile, Symbian, even Blackberry devices off syncing options

that allow users to more easily create a seamless connection between their devices and their desktop

operating systems. Google is again leaving this option up to third party developers.

3. Increased Hardware AbilitiesWhere is multi touch? Don't get me wrong the display is great at 3.2 inches on the HTC G1,

but in order to compete and offer true easy navigation users need multi touch capabilities. The

device is also missing a dedicated headphone jack, and the RAM and ROM is not top notch


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considering other devices on the market such as the recently announced HTC Touch HD among

others. The screen on the device could also use a virtual keyboard, as of right now you have to enter

all of your text via the keyboard, which is great when your typing a lot, but all that opening and

closing on your keyboard can get annoying and overtime wear down the unit.

4. 3G Needs More AbilitiesI heard that users can only download tracks over their WiFi connections. 3G is being so

highly promoted these days I think Google needs to step up and work on a way to allow for 3G

downloads, especially considering iPhones 3G abilities and Symbian V9. 5 around the horizon

which will offer some of the best data connection abilities on the market if everything works as

they've recently advertised.

Restrictions and issues

y Android uses Linux as its kernel, but according to Google, it is not a conventional Linuxdistribution. It does not have a native X Window System, nor does it support the full set of

standard GNU libraries like its system libraries (GNU C Library). This specific modification

makes it difficult to reuse existing Linux applications or libraries on Android.

y Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This preventscompatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android

platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full class

libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.

y Because of potential security issues, Android does not officially allow apps to be installedon, nor run from, an SD card. Current Android products such as the HTC Dream and Magic

have limited onboard memory and many users feel restricted by this lack of functionality.

Several unsupported modifications exist, however, to give the user this capability.

y Android is criticized for its limited multitasking abilities and the lack of a significant driverbase. For these reasons ARM Holdings and Real Networks have expressed doubt that it will

gain a major market share as a net book OS.

y Developers report that it's difficult to maintain applications working on different versions ofAndroid, because of various compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6.


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Conclusion:

I expect Android to have a much higher and faster growth rate than other OS. Now, I can

understand this if Android was the pre eminent OS and everyone wanted it. Androids market share

stood at a paltry 1.6 per cent during Q1 2009, but will grow to 14.5 per cent b y the time Q4 2012

rolls around. As a result, Android will move from its current position as the sixth most popular

operating system for smart phones to become the second most popular mobile operating system.

Android rises to numbertwo simply because, unlike Apple,theylicensetheir OS to multiple

OEMs, Dulaney said. They havethe number 2 OEM, Samsung,and strong players like LG,

Motorola, HTC and now Dell. Thereare others in the works.

By comparing with the other operating system, android needs some development in their side

so that they can have a huge success in the mobile sector. Already it created a big mass in the open

source developers world so it will find a big market share in the upcoming years.

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