iswa main sponsors:. global waste management perspectives and extended producer responsibility...
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ISWA Main Sponsors:
ISWA Main Sponsors:
Global Waste Management Perspectives and Extended Producer Responsibility
Santiago/Chile 14 November 2014
Hermann KollerISWA Managing Director
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Contents
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
3. Extended Producer Responsibility
4. Challenges and possible solutions for Chile
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Global Waste Market
The global waste market of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste), including collection and recycling, is estimated to € 310 billion per year, which equals the GDP of Denmark. And the sizeable informal sector is not included in this number.
The generation of waste amounts to 4 billion tonnes per year total, of which 1,9 billion tonnes household
World wide in the waste management sector the number of employees is app. 40 million people – half informal
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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The amount of waste generated worldwide in one year is enough to bury the entire area of Munich under 130 metres of waste
Notes:Area 31,000 haDensity of waste100kg/m³
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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What do we do with the waste on a global scale?
70 % landfilled or open dumps
10 % incinerated
20 % recycled
→This produces circa 1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents rising to 3 billion tonnes in 2030 mainly from landfills.
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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Consequences
Loss of resources
Emissions
Missed employment opportunities
Destruction of natural resources
Public and urban health risks, epidemics
Illegal trade
Ocean litter
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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What we want to see
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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And what we do not want to see
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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Shares of landfills, energy recovery and recycling in different countries
Hong Kong
Croati
aBraz
il
Poland
Greece
Turke
y
Slove
nia
Australi
a UK US
Estonia
Portuga
l
Irelan
dIta
lySp
ain
South Korea
France
Norway
Taiw
an
Austria
German
y
Belgium
Singa
poreJap
an
Swed
en0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Recycling
Waste-to-Energy
Landfill
Sources: (1) Eurostat Analysis by M. Bauer and N.J. Themelis 5/25/09, (2) World Waste Survey, Veolia and Cyclope 9/06
1. Global situation and approaches in waste management
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Financing Options - Overview Tax system
– For any waste type– For special purposes (e.g. landfill tax for contaminated site remediation)
Fee system– In general (e.g. certain fee and charges for residual waste per container, per
household, per square metre living space, …)– For specific purposes (e.g. bulky waste, integrated disposal fee for
refrigerators, fluorescent tubes, packaging, …)
Deposit System– For certain waste types (e.g. refillable glass or plastic bottles)
Full cost system (all services covered)– For certain waste types (e.g. Producer responsibility driven systems for
packaging, electric/electronic waste)
Additional Cost system– For certain waste types (stakeholders share costs involved for packaging
waste)
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
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Different waste types are financed by different means
Residualwaste
Biowaste
Hazardouswaste
Bulkywaste
Non packagingPaperMetals
Packagingwaste
Electrical andelectronicequipment
Batteries
Systemoperator
Financing Method
Financedby
Communities
Waste fees/taxes(fee per household,per emptying, per bin, …)
Consumers/Citizens
Dual System
Fees on weight or unit
Obliged companies(Extended producer responsibility)
Cars
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
Main Cost Factors
Collection targets (set by law)
Actual collection quantities
Kind and performance of collection system
Prices for collection, sorting, and recycling services
Prices for treatment services (recovery, landfill)
Revenues from recycled materials
Cost allocation principles (full/incremental cost)
Other legal requirements (e.g. communication and monitoring requirements)
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
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Landfill cost versus Landfill rates in European countries
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
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Costs for waste managements vary according to the services provided and standard of waste management
Serbia
€30/person/annum, 5% recycling rate, no energy recovery
Hungary
€60/person/annum, 15% recycling rate + energy recovery
Belgium
€185/person/annum, 75% recycling rate + energy recovery
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
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What are the costs of bad waste management ?Here are some…….
Health – epidemics, malaria, dengue fever, typhoid, cholera, respiratory diseases, black soot emissions, dioxin emissions, poisoning
Environment - pollution of water tables, air quality, C02 emissions, HFC emissions, greater resource extraction
Economic – damages to tourism, urban quality (house prices), business investment
Social – waste scavengers, child labour, crime, urban degradation
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
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The European focus is on waste minimisation and resource management
Landfill directive–No untreated waste on landfills–Recycling or recovery of any waste type–Only inert waste after treatment allowed for landfilling
Producer responsibility–Organisational change through producer pays principle–Producers are responsible for products when they become
waste and have to fulfil the goals set by law–Costs of waste management measures have to be taken
by producers
2. Organisation and financing in waste management
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Design/construction
Production
Distribution
Utilisation
End-of-life
Reuse
Product Life Cycle
Waste treatment
Recycling
Producer Responsibility
Extended Producer Responsibility
Source: ei:ee
What is Extended Producer Responsibility?
3. Extended Producer Responsibility
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Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) as a suitable and proven tool• Applied in EU waste politics to specific waste
types:- Packaging and Packaging Waste- Batteries and Accumulators- End of life Vehicles, tires- Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment WEEE
• EPR aims to recover and recycle resources and reduce landfilling volumes
• Establishment of national compliance systems to manage recovery and recycling and collect industry fees
• Producer committment to recycling and compliance costs leads to improved design and construction
• Recyclability is becoming a product quality criteria
3. Extended Producer Responsibility
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EPR – Different approaches in Europe
Source: Spasova, B., Lund University 2014, EXPRA
3. Extended Producer Responsibility
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Guidance for successful EPR schemes
Definition, scope and objectives should be clarified
Responsibilities should be shared and clearly defined along the whole supply chain
Ensuring fair competition, with sufficient control and equal rules for all
Independent clearing house, especially in case of competing Producer Recovery Organisations (PROs)
In line with the polluter pays principle, the design and implementation of an EPR should make sure that the full costs related to the end of life of products are covered
Transparency is required on performances and costs
4. Challenges and possible solutions for Chile
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Key success factors for efficient waste management
Appropriate Legislative framework including clear responsibilities for all stakeholders
Schedule and goals for implementation
Capacity building to raise expertise
Waste management planning
Business friendly frameworks to encourage investments
Efficient measures for financing, e.g. EPR, fees
Awareness rising to motivate consumers
Monitoring
4. Challenges and possible solutions for Chile
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ISWA Main Sponsors:
An international perspective on EPR legislation in Chile
Seminario AMUSA: “REP tarea de todos”
Santiago de Chile, November 14, 2014
Content
I. Overview of Extended Producer Responsibility
II. Law project to promote recycling: El proyecto de ley de fomento al reciclaje
III. Comments on the legislation
IV. Some lessons learned
V. Next steps?
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is, according to OECD (2001), an environmental policy approach in which a producer's responsibility, physical and/or financial, for a product is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product's life cycle. A wide range of EPR models have been implemented globally.
Core recommendations of the OECD
Chile is a member of the OECD since May 2010
OECD recommends the implementation of EPR, leading to:
o Increased collection and recycling rates
o Reduction of public spending on waste management
o Reduction in overall waste management costs
o Design for environment (DfE) innovations
Realities of informal waste collection and treatment in developing countries must be considered in EPR design
o OECD workshop on EPR, Tokyo, June 2014
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?V
Overview of EPR landscape worldwide
Proposed/Expected
EPR or Product Stewardship in Place
Law project to promote recycling: El proyecto de ley de fomento al reciclaje
Legislative procedure and status
The Government of Chile has introduced legislation containing extended producer responsibility policies which are consistent with OECD recommendations.
An EPR framework law project was signed in August 2013.
The reworked legislation under the new government (now called “Ley de Fomento al Reciclaje”) was submitted to the Chilean House of Representatives on August 5, 2014 under the simple urgency rule.
Once the legislative process of the EPR-law has concluded, drafting of regulations will be required to give effect to the law.
Supreme decrees to follow
A regulation shall establish the procedure for working out the supreme decrees to establish products subject to EPR, targets and other associated obligations for each priority product
This will include:
a) A general economic and social impact analysis
b) Consultation with an extended operating committee created by the Ministry
c) A public consultation phase, which shall include the opinion of the Advisory Council of the Ministry of the Environment
Supreme decrees will be subject to the approval the Council of Ministers for Sustainability
Objectives and scope of the Law
Make value recovery from waste a priority in Chile’s waste management strategy
Introduce EPR as an economic mechanism to increase the recycling rate of packaging and products for at least 9 categories of goods set by the Ministry of Environment (article 9):
1. Packaging
2. Lubricating oils
3. Tires
4. WEEE/light bulbs
5. Batteries
6. Vehicles
7. Newspapers and magazines
8. Expired medicines
9. Pesticides
Central rules of the new legislation This law places the obligation for product responsibility on the first
company to put a priority product on the market (“producer” as per art. 3)
The “Ley de fomento al reciclaje” will:
o Create cradle-to-grave responsibility: The waste producer is responsible for the handling of the waste, from its creation to its recovery and/or disposal.
o Put in place the principle of “the polluter pays”: The producer of waste is responsible for the costs associated with its handling.
o Obligate every producer and importer supplying the market in Chile to declare the quantities/tonnages of obligated materials and finance their recycling process – either on its own or through acollective management system.
Industry responsibilities
Register the quantity of obligated products supplied into Chile in national database
Organize and finance the collection of priority products waste in all the national territory
o individually (self-compliance)
o through an authorised collective management system
Deliver their waste to a manager authorised to process it unless the producer handles the waste itself
o Solid household or comparable waste shall be delivered to an authorised manager
The penalties for infringements of the law range from significant fines (up to 10 times the waste management costs) to temporary prohibition of sale of the priority product
The Ministry of the Environment may also require through supreme decrees:
Labelling
Information to distributors or marketers, managers and consumers, including an itemisation of waste management costs on the receipt or invoice.
o These costs shall be maintained throughout the entire marketing chain.
Design and implementation of strategies for communication and raising awareness
Design and implementation of waste preventive measures
Separate collection at source and selective waste collection
Industry responsibilities
Role of municipalities The legislation states municipalities may be allowed to sign agreements with
collective management systems and provide enough area for the installation and/or operation of storage sites.
o Producers can contract directly with operators to provide recycling services
Municipalities can help producers meet their legal obligations by:
o Helping to identify the most effective recycling solutions for their communities
o Incorporating new recycling services within their existing and future waste management contract
o Facilitating the implementation of new recycling services and facilities
o Educating and encouraging their citizens to sort recyclables from waste
Comments on the legislation
General remarks Chile should be commended for its proposal on EPR
o Chile‘s approach to formulating a general framework EPR law followed by product specific regulations reflects international best practices
o It recognizes the need to involve the informal recycling sector
o It introduces other supporting mechanisms that will make EPR more effective and efficient
The list of “priority products” noted in the legislation would make Chile one of the leading EPR jurisdictions in the world
Agreeing on general framework for EPR is not easy.
o Working out product specific regulation through decrees is even more difficult
Key planning data needed for all stakeholders
Robust data on quantities and waste characteristics of priority products
Understanding of Chilean recycling preferences and behaviors
Effectiveness of alternative recycling collection approaches under Chilean conditions
Key recycling program operating data
o Participation rates
o Material capture rates
o Material recovery rates
o Capital & operating costs
Market demand and prices for recovered materials
Data needed to prepare for:
Basis for setting targets
Timeframe to cover entire national market and to reach targets
Scope of priority products to be included
o Municipal and industrial & commercial waste?
o Product size restrictions (WEEE, packaging, tires, pesticides)?
Business exemptions/de-minimis provisions
o “taking into account their status as small or medium-sized enterprises”
Other specific requirements on producers (labelling, itemizing costs on invoices, communications, waste prevention)
Waste management characteristics of the used priority products
Keys lessons learned
Key lessons learned
You cannot simply copy and paste a collective management model from another country
Need a solid Chilean fact base to ensure that the requirements of the regulations which follow the legislation are achievable
Training and motivating citizens to properly sort priority products for separate collection is the key to success
o Most successful national programs build a common recycling “brand”
Ensure that the regulations and collective system financing schemes encourage recycling program effectiveness and efficiency
o Regional programs provide economies of scale
Test many different program elements to learn what works best in Chile
What could be the next steps?
Develop mechanisms for cooperation between producers & municipalities
Test different household collection techniques within AMUSA:
o Use of different containers for collecting recyclables door-to-door
o Increase the frequency of recycling collection
o Compare door-to-door collection with drop off points
o Collect recyclables from multi-family buildings
o Segregation of glass from other materials
o Audit the waste and the recycling streams
Test recycling away-from-home: schools, offices, retail, public spaces
Support these efforts with a strong promotion & education campaign
Use these results to help define the best way of recycling in Chile
Next Steps?
Contact information
Derek StephensonDirector Global Solutions
Im Zollhafen 2-450768 Cologne, Germany
Phone: +41 21 601 49 86Mobile: +41 79 195 40 77
¡Muchas Gracias!
