Islamic University of Gaza Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of NursingFaculty of Nursing

Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and DevelopmentNurs. 321Nurs. 321

First lecture First lecture

Ali Hassan Abu RyalaAli Hassan Abu Ryala2013-20142013-2014

IntroductionIntroduction

Human growth and development are orderly, predictable Human growth and development are orderly, predictable processes beginning with conception and continuing processes beginning with conception and continuing until death.until death.

All persons progress through definite phases of growth All persons progress through definite phases of growth and development from simple to complex, and highly and development from simple to complex, and highly individualized rateindividualized rate

It is the ability to progress through each developmental It is the ability to progress through each developmental phase influences the holistic health of individual.phase influences the holistic health of individual.

The success or failure experienced within a phase may The success or failure experienced within a phase may affect the ability to compete subsequent phase.affect the ability to compete subsequent phase.

Introduction...contIntroduction...cont

If individuals experience repeated developmental If individuals experience repeated developmental failures, inadequacies may result.failures, inadequacies may result.

When individual experiences repeated successes, When individual experiences repeated successes, health is promoted. health is promoted.

Understanding normal growth and development Understanding normal growth and development help nurses predict, prevent, and detect any help nurses predict, prevent, and detect any deviation from client’s normal expected patterns.deviation from client’s normal expected patterns.

A clear understanding of those patterns assists the A clear understanding of those patterns assists the nurse in planning questions for health screening, nurse in planning questions for health screening, health history, and health teaching for client of all health history, and health teaching for client of all ages. ages.

As infants and children grow and mature, they As infants and children grow and mature, they pass through predictable stages of development.pass through predictable stages of development.

Knowledge and assessment of growth and Knowledge and assessment of growth and development help the nurse provide screening for development help the nurse provide screening for physical and emotional problems.physical and emotional problems.

Offer anticipatory guidance to parents and Offer anticipatory guidance to parents and caregivers.caregivers.

Develop a relationship with the child to enhance Develop a relationship with the child to enhance the provision of health care.the provision of health care.

provide education to the family to build a healthy provide education to the family to build a healthy lifestyle for the future.lifestyle for the future.

DefinitionsDefinitions

GrowthGrowth Growth is a series of anatomical and Growth is a series of anatomical and

physiological changes which after the body’s physiological changes which after the body’s size and composition.size and composition.

Growth is an increase in size by multiplication Growth is an increase in size by multiplication of cells, and increase in numbers and of cells, and increase in numbers and intracellular substance.intracellular substance.

It is a continuous process although the rate of It is a continuous process although the rate of growth is far more obvious during the first year growth is far more obvious during the first year of life than any other time.of life than any other time.

Growth is measurable.Growth is measurable.

DevelopmentDevelopment Development refers to the continuous process of Development refers to the continuous process of

unfolding and explanation of behavior which is unfolding and explanation of behavior which is results from the interaction between human results from the interaction between human organism and environment over the life.organism and environment over the life.

Development is a maturation of organs and Development is a maturation of organs and systems.systems.

Development is gaining of skills, ability of Development is gaining of skills, ability of adaptation, assume responsibilities, adaptation, assume responsibilities,

Development is not measurable Development is not measurable Learning is concerned in development although it Learning is concerned in development although it

is not the same.is not the same.

DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENINGDEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING Assessment tools have been created to determine Assessment tools have been created to determine

the overall developmental age of a child or to the overall developmental age of a child or to detect specific areas of development that are detect specific areas of development that are lacking. lacking.

The most widely used developmental screening The most widely used developmental screening tool is the tool is the Denver IIDenver II Developmental Screening Developmental Screening Test Test (Denver II).(Denver II).

This tool provides for a quick overview of This tool provides for a quick overview of development in children from birth to age 6 years development in children from birth to age 6 years and identifies areas of strength and weakness and identifies areas of strength and weakness relative to age norms. relative to age norms.

Another method for developmental Another method for developmental screening involves interviewing the screening involves interviewing the parent or caregiver about parent or caregiver about attainment of developmental attainment of developmental milestones.milestones.

Persistent deficits or deficits in Persistent deficits or deficits in multiple areas indicate a more multiple areas indicate a more serious problem than deficits in a serious problem than deficits in a single area. single area.

MaturationMaturation Maturation is the process of aging.Maturation is the process of aging. Involves individual’s biological ability, physiological Involves individual’s biological ability, physiological

condition, and desire to learn more mature behavior condition, and desire to learn more mature behavior To mature, individual may have to give up previous To mature, individual may have to give up previous

behavior and learning, integrate new pattern into behavior and learning, integrate new pattern into existing behavior, or both.existing behavior, or both.

Maturation influences the sequence and timing of Maturation influences the sequence and timing of

changes changes associatedassociated with growth and development. with growth and development. For example: The infant relinquishes crawling for For example: The infant relinquishes crawling for

walking because walking permits more extensive walking because walking permits more extensive investigation of environment and more learning.investigation of environment and more learning.

DifferentiationDifferentiation

It is the process by which cells and It is the process by which cells and structure become modified and develop structure become modified and develop more refined characteristic.more refined characteristic.

It is simple-to-complex development of It is simple-to-complex development of activities and functions.activities and functions.

For example: Empryonal cells begin as For example: Empryonal cells begin as vagus and undifferentiated and develop into vagus and undifferentiated and develop into complex, highly diversified cells, tissues complex, highly diversified cells, tissues and organs. and organs.

Major Factors Affecting Growth Major Factors Affecting Growth and Developmentand Development

The human being is complex, open The human being is complex, open system, influenced by natural system, influenced by natural forces from within and from the forces from within and from the environment.environment.

Major Factors Affecting Growth and Major Factors Affecting Growth and Development...contDevelopment...cont

Forces of NatureForces of Nature Heredity *it is responsible for Heredity *it is responsible for

characteristics of pattern growth, characteristics of pattern growth, some familiar diseases some familiar diseases

TemperamentTemperament

Major Factors Affecting Growth and Major Factors Affecting Growth and Development...contDevelopment...cont

External forcesExternal forces Family *sleep, rest, and exercise (bed ridden vs. Family *sleep, rest, and exercise (bed ridden vs.

healthy child)healthy child) Peer group *state of healthPeer group *state of health Life experiences *living environmentLife experiences *living environment Health environmentHealth environment Prenatal health Prenatal health Nutrition *deficiencies produce growth defects, as Nutrition *deficiencies produce growth defects, as

ricketsrickets Injury and illness *occurring during birth or later, can affect Injury and illness *occurring during birth or later, can affect

G&D through damage they cause vital organsG&D through damage they cause vital organs

Principals of DevelopmentPrincipals of Development Development is a continues process Development is a continues process Development depends primarily on the maturation of Development depends primarily on the maturation of

nervous system.nervous system. The sequence of the development is much the same for The sequence of the development is much the same for

all the children but the rate will vary from child to all the children but the rate will vary from child to child.child.

The direction of development is in the head to feet The direction of development is in the head to feet cephalocaudal direction.cephalocaudal direction.

Development involves differentiation of behavior.Development involves differentiation of behavior. Generalized mass activity gives way to specific Generalized mass activity gives way to specific

individual response. individual response.

Domains of DevelopmentDomains of Development

Physical Physical SocialSocial EmotionalEmotional IntellectualIntellectual CognitiveCognitive

The Descending Stages of LifeThe Descending Stages of Life

ConceptionConception Uterine life (0-9 month)Uterine life (0-9 month) Infancy (birth –1year)Infancy (birth –1year) Early childhood (1-6 years)Early childhood (1-6 years) Late childhood (6-12 years)Late childhood (6-12 years) Adolescence (12-20 years)Adolescence (12-20 years) Young adulthood (20-40 years)Young adulthood (20-40 years) Middle age (40-65 years)Middle age (40-65 years) Old age (over 65years) Old age (over 65years) DeathDeath

TheoryTheory Organized and logical set of statements Organized and logical set of statements

about a subject, frameworks to clarify, about a subject, frameworks to clarify, to make sense of.to make sense of.

Human Development Theory: Models Human Development Theory: Models intended to account for how and why intended to account for how and why people become who they are, tries to people become who they are, tries to explain and predict human behavior.explain and predict human behavior.

Why study theory?Why study theory?

Provides a frameworkProvides a framework Offers logic for observations and Offers logic for observations and

explanationsexplanations How and why people actHow and why people act Important for nurses to combine Important for nurses to combine

theory, practice, and researchtheory, practice, and research Nurses assess responses to illness Nurses assess responses to illness

and treatmentsand treatments

What Do Theories Do?What Do Theories Do?

Offer insight and guidanceOffer insight and guidance Provide framework for Provide framework for

acquiring new knowledgeacquiring new knowledge Enhance communication of new Enhance communication of new

knowledge.knowledge.

Developmental TheoriesDevelopmental Theories

Four areas of Theory DevelopmentFour areas of Theory Development Biophysical DevelopmentBiophysical Development Psychoanalytic/ psychosocial Psychoanalytic/ psychosocial

developmentdevelopment Cognitive developmentCognitive development Moral developmentMoral development

Each theory describes the Each theory describes the development stages and the development stages and the tasks that should be tasks that should be accomplished in each stage accomplished in each stage from perspective of the theorist.from perspective of the theorist.

SignificanceSignificance

Help pediatric nurse to follow Help pediatric nurse to follow the development tasks that the the development tasks that the child should accomplish in his child should accomplish in his development stage and assists development stage and assists him/her in accomplishing him/her in accomplishing themthem..

Developmental TheoriesDevelopmental Theories

Biophysical Development TheoryBiophysical Development Theory

• Attempts to describe the way our physical body Attempts to describe the way our physical body grow and change.grow and change.

• These changes are quantified and can compare These changes are quantified and can compare against established norms.against established norms.

• Biological influences on development include Biological influences on development include many factors such as genetic, exposure e to many factors such as genetic, exposure e to teratogens (infections, maternal disease, teratogens (infections, maternal disease, substance abuse, environmental chemicals, or substance abuse, environmental chemicals, or other hazardous substance).other hazardous substance).

Psychoanalytic/ Psychosocial Development Psychoanalytic/ Psychosocial Development TheoryTheory

• Attempts to describe the development of the Attempts to describe the development of the human personality, behavior, and emotions.human personality, behavior, and emotions.

• This development occurs with varying degrees This development occurs with varying degrees of influence from internal biological forces and of influence from internal biological forces and external societal/ cultural forces.external societal/ cultural forces.

• These theories each have stages that the These theories each have stages that the children go through while attempting to resolve children go through while attempting to resolve conflict between biological drives and social conflict between biological drives and social forces.forces.

Cognitive Theory of Development.Cognitive Theory of Development.• Is focused on reasoning and thinking processes, including Is focused on reasoning and thinking processes, including

the changes in how people come to perform intellectual the changes in how people come to perform intellectual operationsoperations

• These operations related to the way how persons learn to These operations related to the way how persons learn to understand the world in which they live.understand the world in which they live.

• Mental process; including perceiving, reasoning, Mental process; including perceiving, reasoning, remembering, believing, and permit certain type of remembering, believing, and permit certain type of emotional behavior.emotional behavior.

• Example: the young child will have a different emotional Example: the young child will have a different emotional reaction to the death of grandparents as compared to an reaction to the death of grandparents as compared to an old sibling or a parent.old sibling or a parent.

Moral Theory of Development.Moral Theory of Development.• Focuses on discretion of moral reasoning Focuses on discretion of moral reasoning

which is (how people think about the rules which is (how people think about the rules of ethical or moral conduct but doses not of ethical or moral conduct but doses not predict what a person would actually do in a predict what a person would actually do in a given situation).given situation).

• Moral development is the ability of an Moral development is the ability of an individual to distinguish right from wrong individual to distinguish right from wrong and develop ethical values on which to base and develop ethical values on which to base his/her actionhis/her action

Questions????Questions????

Thank You AllThank You All