islamic architecture report
TRANSCRIPT
ISLAMIC
ARCHITECT
URE
Islamic Architecture- secular and religious styles- four principle architectural
types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort
INFLUENCES AND
STYLES
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Rashidun Caliphate- 632–661- first state to use Islamic
Architecture- the first foundation of
Islamic cities Basra, Kufa and Fostat
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Umayyad Caliphate- Umayyad Empire - 661–750 - Minarets, Arabesque,
Mosaic, Luxury palaces.
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba (785
CE)- Construction lasted for over two centuries
under Abd ar-Rahman
- Mezquita (Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption)
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba
Abd ar-Rahman III ordered a new minaret (9th century)
Al-Hakam II enlarged the plan of the building and enriched the mihrab (961
Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir completion of the outer aisles and orange tree courtyard were completed in 987
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba- 1236- King Ferdinand III of Castile
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at Cordoba
Characteristics:
- Giant arches and its forest of over 856 ( of an original 1,293) columns of jasper, onyx, marble and granite
- Richly gilded prayer niches and mihrab
- Maksoureh (anteroom for the caliph and his court)
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Moorish architecture• Great Mosque at CordobaCharacteristics:- Baroque choir- Courtyard of the Orange Trees (Patio
de los Naranjos)- Torre del Alminar
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Moorish architecture- Alhambra- Arab tradition of
architecture and design
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Fatimid Architecture- Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Fatimid Architecture• al-Azhar mosque - "the splendid“ , - 969–973,- Cairo- First congregational mosque
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Fatimid Architecture• Mosque of al-Hakim - 996–1013
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Mamluk architecture- 1250–1517 AD- Religious Zeal (Zealotry)- Mamluk rule- Cairo, wealthiest city and the center of
artistic and intellectual activity- Ibn Khaldun: “the center of the
universe and the garden of the world”
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Mamluk architecture- built of stone and
predominant in the two major regions under their control: Egypt and Greater Syria
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Mamluk architecture- wood: doors, panels,
mihrabs and mashrabiyyas - Domes, built of stone- Stucco
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Mamluk architecture- Four-iwan plan (including mosques and madrasas)
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Mamluk Architecture- three-tiered minaret- Buildings are generally not
symmetrical- Qibla
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Mamluk Architecture- Calligraphy- Ablaq technique- Muqarnas- very cosmopolitan in nature
Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan- Cairo, Egypt- 1356 – 1363 AD- Used stones from the pyramids at
Giza- 300 people were killed – minarets
MOSQUE OF SULTAN HASSAN
Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan
Characteristics:
- The building became a mosque and religious school for all four juristic branches of Sunni Islam: Shafi’e, Maliki, Hanafi and Hambali
Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan
Characteristics:- Represent great Mamluk
architecture monument in Cairo- Façade is about 76 meters long
and 36 meters high
Mamluk Architecture• Mosque of Sultan Hassan
Characteristics:
- Verses from the Quran in elegant Kufic and Thuluth scripts adorn the inner walls
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Persian Style- One of the first civilizations
that Islam came into contact with during and after its birth
- eastern banks of the Tigris and Euphrates
STYLES
Persian Style- Baghdad based on Firouzabad in
Persia- Naubakht and Mashallah, hired by al-
Mansur- Persian-style mosques: tapered brick
pillars, large arcades, and arches supported each by several pillars.
Persian Style• Imam Mosque- 1611 - 1629
- UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE
- Shayk Bahai (Architect)
- Has 4 minarets
Persian Style• Friday Mosque of Herat- Jumah Mosque
- Heraf, Afghanistan
- 1404 – 1446
- Jalal al-Din Firuzshah (Architect)
- Has 8 minarets
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Azerbaijani Architecture- home of Nakchivan and Shirvan-
Absheron architecture schools- mausoleum of Yusuf, (1162)
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Azerbaijani Architecture- Shirvan-Absheron school used
stones instead of bricks- Palace of Shirvanshahs
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Timurid Architecture- pinnacle of Islamic art in Central
Asia- sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in
present-day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amir in Samarkand
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Timurid Architecture- Axial symmetry (Shah-e
Zendah in Samarkand & the mosque of Gowhar Shad in Mashhad)
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Ottoman Turkish Architecture- most numerous and largest
of mosques exist in Turkey- Byzantine, Persian, & Syrian-
Arab designs
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Cupola domes- 500 years Byzantine architecture:
Hagia Sophia served as models- Shehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye
Mosque, and the Rüstem Pasha Mosque.
HAGIA SOPHIA
SHEHZADE MOSQUE
SÜLEYMANIYE MOSQUE
RÜSTEM PAŞA MOSQUE
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Achieved the highest level architecture
in the Islamic lands
- mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow.
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Simple buildings with extensive decorations transformed by Ottomans through dynamic architectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semidomes and columns
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Ottoman Turkish Architecture- Mosques was transformed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of esthetic and technical balance, refined elegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Indo-Islamic Architecture- fusion of Arab, Central Asian and
Persian elements with the local Hindu
architecture
- most famous examples of Mughal architecture are the series of imperial mausolea, which started with the pivotal Tomb of Humayun, but is best known for the Taj Mahal
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Indo Islamic Architecture• Taj Mahal- 22 years (1631-1653)- Shah Jahan for Mumtaz Mahal, 14th
wife- 20,000 workers- 32 crore rupees
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Indo Islamic Architecture• Taj Mahal- “Palace of the Crown”- Taj means “crown”- Mahal means “palace”
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Indo Islamic Architecture• Taj Mahal- Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, principal
designer with the help of Ustad Isa from Persia
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Indo Islamic Architecture- charbagh style of Mughal
garden: Shalimar Gardens in Lahore where the domeless Tomb of Jahangir is also located
- Red Fort and Agra Fort, built for Akbar
RED FORT
AGRA FORT
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Sino-Islamic architecture- The Great Mosque of Xi'an first Chinese
mosque established in the 7th century during the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an
- buildings date from the Ming Dynasty, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques instead, it follows traditional Chinese architecture
GREAT MOSQUE OF XI’AN
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Sino-Islamic architecture- important feature: symmetry
(which connotes a sense of grandeur); palaces to mosques
- Gardens (asymmetrical)
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Sino-Islamic architecture- red or grey bricks- Wooden structures- Curved – typical roof
INFLUENCES AND STYLES
Common Interpretation
- Concept of God or Allah’s infinite power, evoked by designs with repeating themes which suggest infinity
- Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative art
- Foliage
- “architecture of the veil”
- Use of grandiose forms: large domes, towering minarets, and large courtyards: convey power
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Four-iwan plan
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Cupola – small, dome-like structure on top of a building- Provide lookout, to admit
light and air,- Crowns a larger roof or
dome
Ribbed cupola, Mosque of Uqba
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
PISHTAQ- Formal gateway to the iwan- Main prayer hall of a mosque- Vaulted hall or space, walled
on three sides, with one end entirely open
- Calligraphy bans, glazed tilework, and geometric designs
Great mosque of Esfahan
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
- Use of bright color- Paler sandstone and grey
stones- Focuses on both the interior
space of a building and the exterior
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ISLAMIC DECORATIVE ELEMENTS3 fundamental forms used in
Islamic art:• Calligraphy• Islimi• Geometry
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Geometric Pattern- exemplify the Islamic interest in
repetition, balance and symmetry and continuous generation of pattern
- the integration of geometry with such optical effects as the balancing of positive and negative areas, a skillful use of color and tone values
Alhambra
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Arabesque (Islimi)- Biomorphic- Floral patterns- Flowers and trees
Islamic relief panel from Medina Azahara,
Cordoba, Spain
ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Calligraphy- Closely linked to geometry- Proportions of the letters are all
governed by mathematics- Inscriptions, most often used as a
frame along and around main elements of a building like portals and cornices
TAJ MAHAL
Sources:
http://www.islamic-architecture.info/A-HIST.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture
Sharilkhairi.com
Slideshare.net