islamic architecture- ottoman

7/24/2019 Islamic Architecture- Ottoman

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Ottoman architecture 1

Ottoman architecture

Culture of theOttomanEmpire

Visual Arts

Architecture Miniature Pottery Calligraphy

Performing Arts

Shadowplay Meddah Dance Music

Languages and literature

Ottoman Turkish Poetry Prose

Sports

Oil wrestling Archery Cirit

Other

Cuisine Carpets Clothing

Ottoman architecture or Turkish architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursaand Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architectureand was influenced by the Byzantine architecture, Iranian[1][2] as well as Islamic Mamluk traditions after theconquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the

church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Overall, Ottoman architecture has beendescribed as Ottoman architecture synthesized with architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the MiddleEast.[citation needed ]

The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands hence or since. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmonybetween inner and outer spaces, as well as articulated light and shadow. Islamic religious architecture which untilthen consisted of simple buildings with extensive decorations, was transformed by the Ottomans through a dynamicarchitectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semi domes and columns. The mosque was transformed from being acramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of aesthetic and technical balance, refinedelegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.

Today, one finds remnants of Ottoman architecture in certain parts of its former territories under decay.
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Early Ottoman period

Traditional Ottoman house in Safranbolu

Traditional Ottoman-Turkish house in Ohrid,Macedonia

With the establishment of the Ottoman empire, the years1300 1453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period, whenOttoman art was in search of new ideas. This period witnessedthree types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angledmosques. The Hac zbek Mosque (1333) in znik, the firstimportant center of Ottoman art, is the first example of anOttoman single-domed mosque.[citation needed ]

Bursa Period (1299 1437)

Bursa Grand Mosque

The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. The HolyMosque in Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domedone. Edirne was the last Ottoman capital before Istanbul, and it is here that wewitness the final stages in the architectural development that culminated inthe construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. The buildings constructedin Istanbul during the period between the capture of the city and theconstruction of the Istanbul Bayezid II Mosque are also considered works of the early period. Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1470), MahmutpaaMosque, the tiled palace and Topkap Palace. The Ottomans integratedmosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools,hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs.
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The Yeil Mosque of Iznik, built in 1392,is an example of an early Ottoman

mosque

Classical period (1437 1703)

Sultanahmet Mosque

The Classical period of Ottoman architecture is to a large degree adevelopment of the prior approaches as they evolved over the 15thand early 16th centuries and the start of the Classical period isstrongly associated with the works of Mimar Sinan. In this period,Ottoman architecture, especially with the works, and under theinfluence, of Sinan, saw a new unification and harmonization of

the various architectural parts, elements and influences thatOttoman architecture had previously absorbed but which had notyet been harmonized into a collective whole. Taking heavily fromthe Byzantine tradition, and in particular the influence of the HagiaSophia, Classical Ottoman architecture was, as before, ultimately asyncretic blend of numerous influences and adaptations for Ottoman needs. In what may be the most emblematic of the structures of this period, the classical mosques designed by Sinan and those after him used a dome-basedstructure, similar to that of Hagia Sophia, but among other things changed the proportions, opened the interior of thestructure and freed
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Interior of Sultanahmet Mosque, Istanbul.

Dome of Selimiye Mosque

it from the colonnades and other structuralelements that broke up the inside of HagiaSophia and other Byzantine churches, andadded more light, with greater emphasis onthe use of lighting and shadow with a huge

volume of windows. These developmentswere themselves both a mixture of influencefrom Hagia Sophia and similar Byzantinestructures, as well as the result of thedevelopments of Ottoman architecture from1400 on, which, in the words of GodfreyGoodwin, had already "achieved that poeticinterplay of shaded and sunlit interiorswhich pleased Le Corbusier."

During the classical period mosque planschanged to include inner and outercourtyards. The inner courtyard and themosque were inseparable. The masterarchitect of the classical period, MimarSinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and diedin Istanbul in the year 1588. Sinan started anew era in world architecture, creating 334buildings in various cities. Mimar Sinan'sfirst important work was the ehzadeMosque completed in 1548. His secondsignificant work was the SleymaniyeMosque and the surrounding complex, builtfor Suleiman the Magnificent. The SelimiyeMosque in Edirne was built during the years1568 74, when Sinan was in his prime as anarchitect. The Rstempaa, MihrimanSultan, Ibrahimpasa Mosques and theehzade, Kanuni Sultan Sleyman,Roxelana and Selim II mausoleums areamong Sinan's most renowned works. Mostclassical period design used the Byzantinearchitecture of the neighboring Balkans asits base, and from there, ethnic elementswere added creating a different architecturalstyle.[citation needed ]

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans,Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built.
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Modernization period

A view from in of traditional Turkish houses-Lewis, John Frederick,1805 1875, British painter

During the reign of Ahmed III (1703 1730) and underthe impetus of his grand vizier brahim Paa, a periodof peace ensued. Due to its relations with France,Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by theBaroque and Rococo styles that were popular inEurope. The Baroque style is noted as first beingdeveloped by Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Examples of the creation of this art formcan be witnessed in Divrii hospital and mosque aUNESCO world heritage site, Sivas ifteminare,Konya nce Minare museum and many more. It is oftencalled the Seljuk Baroque portal. From here it emergedagain in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the

Turks during the Ottoman era. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, toexperience the contemporary European customs and life. The decorative elements of the European Baroque andRococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, wasinvited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosphorus shores and the pleasure mansions( yals) placed next to the sea. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip Period, all eyes were turned to theWest, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. However, itwas about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace in Eastern Anatolia was going on, (1685 1784).

Tulip Period (1703 1757)

Fountain of Ahmed III

Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in theOttoman empire started to use the open and public areasfrequently. The traditional, introverted manner of the societybegan to change. Fountains and waterside residences such asAynalkavak Kasr became popular. A water canal (other name isCetvel-i Sim), a picnic area (Kathane) were established asrecreational area. Although the tulip age ended with the PatronaHalil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of westernization.During the years 1720 1890, Ottoman architecture deviated fromthe principals of classical times. With Ahmed IIIs death, Mahmud

I took the throne (1730

1754). It was during this period thatBaroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed.
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Endern Library

Ortaky Mosque, Istanbul
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Dolmabahe Palace

Baroque Period (1757 1808)

Nuruosmaniye Mosque

Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structuresof this period. Major examples are Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque,Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleliukureme Inn, Birgi akraa Mansion, Aynali KavakSummerplace, Taksim Military Barracks and Selimiye Barracks.Mimar Tahir is the important architect of the time.

Empire Period (1808 1876)Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaky Mosque, Sultan Mahmut Tomb,Galata Lodge of Mevlevi Derviches, Dolmabahe Palace, raanPalace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yal, Kuleli Barracks

are the important examples of this style developed parallel with the westernization process. Architects from theBalyan family and the Fossati brothers were the leading ones of the time.
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Dolmabahce Palace, one of the main palace gates Nusretiye Mosque

Late period (1876 1922): The "National Architectural Renaissance"The final period of architecture in the Ottoman Empire, developed after 1900 and in particular put into effect afterthe Young Turks took power in 1908 1909, is what was then called the "National Architectural Renaissance" andwhich gave rise to the style since referred to as the First National Style of Turkish architecture.The approach in thisperiod was an Ottoman revival style, a reaction to influences in the previous 200 years that had come to beconsidered "foreign," such as Baroque and Neoclassical architecture, and was intended to promote Ottomanpatriotism andself-identity. This was actually an entirely new style of architecture, related to earlier Ottomanarchitecture in rather the same manner was other roughly contemporaneous "revival" architectures, such as GothicRevival Architecture, related to their stylistic inspirations. Like other "revival" architectures, "Ottoman Revival"

architecture of this period was based on modern construction techniques and materials such as reinforced concrete,iron, steel, and often glass roofs, and in many cases used what was essentially a Beaux-Arts structure with outwardstylistic motifs associated with the original architecture from which it was inspired. It focused outwardly on formsand motifs seen to be traditionally "Ottoman," such as pointed arches, ornate tile decoration, wide roof overhangswith supporting brackets, domes over towers or corners, etc.Originally, this style was meant to promote the patriotism and identity of the historically multi-ethnic OttomanEmpire, but by the end of WWI and the creation of the Turkish Republic, it was adopted by the republican Turkishnationalists to promote a new Turkish sense of patriotism. In this role, it continued into, and influenced the laterarchitecture of, the Republic of Turkey.

One of the earliest and most important examples of this style is the Istanbul Central Post Office in Sirkeci, completedin 1909 and designed by Vedat Tek (also known as Vedat Bey).Other important extant examples include the Istanbul ferryboat terminals built between 1913 and 1917, such as theBesiktas terminal by Ali Talat Bey (1913), the Haydarpasa terminal by Vedat Tek (1913), and the Buyukadaterminal by Mihran Azaryan (1915). Another important extant example is the Sultanahmet Jail, now the FourSeasons Hotel Sultanahmet.In Ankara, the earliest building in the style is the building that now houses the War of Independence Museum andserved as the first house of the Turkish Republic's National Assembly in 1920. It was built in 1917 by Ismail Hasif Bey as the local headquarters for the Young Turks' Committee of Union and Progress.

Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, Sheikh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpasha School of Medicine, Duyun-u

Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, Large Postoffice Buildings, Laleli Harikzedegan Apartments are theimportant structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. Raimondo D'Aronco and Alexander
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Vallaury were the leading architects of this period in Istanbul. Apart from Vallaury and D'Aronco, the other leadingarchitects who made important contributions to the late Ottoman architecture in Istanbul included the architects of the Balyan family, William James Smith, August Jachmund, Mimar Kemaleddin Bey, Vedat Tek and GiulioMongeri.Serkiz Lle Gizo contributed some important architecture in Mardin. Cercis Murat Kona, ehidiye minaret, and

P.T.T. building are some of his work.

Paradise Gardens The semblance of Paradise [janna] promised the pious and devout [is that of a garden] with streams of water thatwill not go rank, and rivers of milk whose taste will not undergo a change, and rivers of wine delectable to drinkers,and streams of purified honey, and fruits of every kind in them, and forgiveness from their lord (47:15)According to the Qur'an, paradise is described as a place, a final destination. Basically the eternal life, that is filledwith spiritual and physical happiness. Earth gardens in the Ottoman period were highly impacted by paradise,therefore connected with the arts and spaces of the everyday life, having many descriptions relating to the Qur'an.[3]

Hence, gardens, or Earthly Paradise, are abstract perceptions of heaven, as a result must symbolize a serene placethat shows eternity and peace.Nature became a method for decorative patterns in architectural details and urban structure. Everything was inspiredby nature and became included with nature. From the ceilings of the mosques and the walls of the palaces, kiosksand summer palaces (pavilions), which were all embellished with tiles, frescos and hand-carved ornaments, to thekaftans, the yashmaks and so much more. Clearly paradises nature was everywhere; in many spaces of the daily life.Without a doubt the general layout of the gardens did reflect many descriptions in the Qur'an, yet one of the greatstrengths of early Islam, was that Muslims looked at different sources and used useful ideas and techniques fromdiverse sources, particularly Byzantium. Garden pavilions often took the form of square or centrally plannedfree-standing structures open on all sides, designed specifically to enjoy the sight, scent and music of the

environment. Some of the forms of the gardens were based for instance on the Hagia Sophias atrium, which hascypresses around a central fountain, and the plantings in the mosques were given a specifically Muslim theologicalinterpretation. The mosques expanded its functions and services, by adding hospitals, madars, libraries, etc., andtherefore gardens helped organize the elements for all the various buildings.In Islamic cities, such as the Ottoman cities, where the mosques were considered as the focal point, it was commonfor mosques to have adjacent gardens. Therefore, mosque structures were based somewhat to relate to the gardens.For example, the Sulemaniye mosque, had windows in the qibla wall to create continuity with the garden outside.The mihrab had stained glass windows and iznik tiles that suggest a gate into paradise. The windows lookingoutwards to the garden to create the effect in which flowers from the garden act as if it would perfume the minds of the congregation as if they have entered heaven. Also, Rstem Pasha mosque was known for its usage of izink tiles,where the decoration design provides a showcase for the iznik tile industry. The inscriptions on pendentives suggestthat the soul of the devout is certain to reside in paradise. The main inscriptions in these mosques were of water andponds, kiosks, fruits such as pomegranates, apples, pears, grapes, etc. Also wine, dance, music, serving women andboys, all which turn the entertainment vision into a paradise on earth.Apart from the mosques, cities were also developed into extremely friendly cities. They had grape arbors in shadednarrow streets, corners with trees and gardens. Trees were thought to be the balancing element of architecture thatprovided harmony between nature and buildings. For that reason, Ottoman cities look as though they are extensionsof the piece of land where they were built. Also the usage of timber in the buildings add to the connection withnature. A Turkish architect and city planner, Turgut Cansever, described the Ottoman cities as the Ottoman

paradises

and said that the Islamic characteristics are best represented by the Ottoman cities.

The ones who buildthe paradise where there exist no conflicts but all the beauties, tried to rise and open the Gates of paradise byaccomplishing the task of beautifying the world. The intimate relationship of architecture with nature attracted the
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element of trees and water. With its exclusively natural synthesis structure, the Ottoman city was green, as manytravelers have described it. Also, water was a fundamental element, as was the cypress tree. Antoine Galland wrote, Turkish gardens were conduits and little channels which took water everywhere and from which water wasextracted under pressure. However, there is no evidence in the first four centuries of Islam that gardens wereconsciously designed with four quadrants and four water channels in order to represent paradise as the Qur'andescribed it.

Examples of Ottoman architecture

Examples of Ottoman architecture

Style Modern Turkish nomenclature Example

Mosque Cami Selimiye Mosque

Madrasa Medrese Caferaa Medresseh

Trbe Trbe Yeil Trbe

Caravanserai Kervansaray Byk Han

Hospital Darifa Bayezid II Klliye Health Museum

Bridge Kpr Mostar bridge

Palace Saray Topkap Palace

Castle Kale Rumelihisar

Gallery

TekkiyeMosque,

built on theorders of Suleiman

theMagnificent

in Syria

Khalid ibn al-WalidMosque in Syria

Interior view of Khan As'ad

Pasha in Syria

The JaffaClock Towerwas built to

commemoratethe silver

jubilee of thereign of

Sultan Abdal-Hamid II in

Israel.

The Khanal-Umdan is

the largest andbest preservedOttoman inn in

Israel.

Mehmed PaaSokoloviBridge in

Bosnia andHerzegovina

Stari Most inBosnia and

Herzegovina

Svrzo'sHouse in

Bosnia andHerzegovina

Rcz Thermal Bathin Hungary

Tomb of Gl Baba

inHungary

Yenikale in Ukraine TsisdarakisMosque in

Athens
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAttica_06-13_Athens_33_Monastiraki.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsisdarakis_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsisdarakis_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEni_Kale.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yenikalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AG%C3%BCl_baba_t%C3%BCrb%C3%A9je.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AR%C3%A1c_Gy%C3%B3gyf%C3%BCrd%C5%91%2C_Budapest_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1cz_Thermal_Bathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABiH%2C_Sarajevo_-_Svrzina_ku%C4%87a_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svrzo%27s_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svrzo%27s_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMostar_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_-_Stari_Most.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stari_Mosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABridge_on_the_Drina_July_2009.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAkko_BW_13.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Innhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Umdanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Umdanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AJaffa_Tour_horloge.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Hamid_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Hamid_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffa_Clock_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffa_Clock_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKhan_As%27ad_Pacha_Al-%27Azem.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_As%27ad_Pashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khan_As%27ad_Pashahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKhaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAltakiyyah_alsulaymaniyah.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekkiye_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekkiye_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumelihisar%C4%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topkap%C4%B1_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mostar_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayezid_II_K%C3%BClliye_Health_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caravanseraihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ye%C5%9Fil_T%C3%BCrbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCrbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cafera%C4%9Fa_Medressehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selimiye_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosque


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Osman Shah'smosque at Trikala

Sabil-Kuttabof Katkhuda

in Cairo

Mosque of Muhammad Ali in

Cairo

raanPalace inIstanbul

SultanahmetJail in

Istanbul, inthe FirstNational

Style

Pertevniyal ValideSultan Mosque in

Istanbul

Kl Ali PashaComplex in Istanbul

KaraaaRailway Station

in Edirne

Banya BashiMosque in

Sofia

Townhousein Nicosia,

Cyprus

Ottomanarchitecture in

Novi Pazar

Sjenica Mosquein Novi Pazar

Et'hem BeyMosque and ClockTower in Tirana

MangaliaMosque inRomania

Turbe Mosque inBelgrade (no

longer inexistence).

Batal Mosquein Belgrade(no longer inexistence).

Isa BeyMosque

inSkopje's

Old

Bazaar

Aziziye mosque inBatumi, Georgia (nolonger in existence).

MustafaPaa

Mosque inSkopje.

SultanMurad

Mosquein

Skopje

Kapan Han inSkopje

Suli An in Skopje Daut PashaHammam in

Skopje

ifte Hammam inSkopje
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ANational_Artgallery_of_Republic_of_Macedonia_%28Skopje%29.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cifte_Hammamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADaut_Pasha_Hamam.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Gallery_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Gallery_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASuli_han.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suli_Anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKapan_an.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapan_Hanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASultan-Murad-mosque.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Murad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Murad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultan_Murad_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5_2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABatumi_Aziziye_Mosque.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAladja_Moschee01.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Bazaar%2C_Skopjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Bazaar%2C_Skopjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopjehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABatal-dzamija.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATurbe_dzamija.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMangalia_Mosque1020578.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalia_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalia_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEt%27hem_Bey_Mosque_&_Clock_tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Et%27hem_Bey_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Et%27hem_Bey_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASjenica_Mosque.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ANoviPazarCenter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novi_Pazarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APicturised_old_traditional_houses_in_Nicosia_Republic_of_Cyprus_during_summer_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicosiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABanya_Bashi_Mosque_Sofia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banya_Bashi_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banya_Bashi_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEdirne_Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7_Tren_%C4%B0stasyonu.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edirnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKilic_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_and_Tophane_Fountain.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A012_PertevniyalCami.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pertevniyal_Valide_Sultan_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pertevniyal_Valide_Sultan_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFour_Seasons_Sultanahmet_March_2008.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanahmet_Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanahmet_Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACiragan_interior_March_2008_pano.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMuhammad_Ali_Mosque_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosque_of_Muhammad_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosque_of_Muhammad_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKairo_Sabil_Kuttab_of_Katkhuda_BW_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabil-Kuttab_of_Katkhudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabil-Kuttab_of_Katkhudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AKoursoum_Mosque%2C_Trikala.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trikala


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References[1] Seljuk architecture , Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485.[2] Architecture(Muhammadan) , H. Saladin,Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles

Scribner's son, 1908), 753.[3][3] |pages=45}

Further reading Goodwin G., "A History of Ottoman Architecture"; Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, reprinted 2003; ISBN

0-500-27429-0 D gan K., "Ottoman Architecture"; Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 978-1-85149-604-4

External links Turkish Architecture (http:/ / www.turkishculture. org/ pages. php?ParentID=6) Similarities between Ottoman,Local and Byzantine architecture (http:/ / www. unesco.org/ archi2000/ pdf/

alioglu1. pdf) (PDF) A varied photo collection of different Ottoman styles and buildings (http:/ / www.quovadimus. org/ turkey99/

ottoarch/ index.html) Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul (http:/ / www. sinanasaygi. com/ en/ )
http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/http://www.quovadimus.org/turkey99/ottoarch/index.htmlhttp://www.quovadimus.org/turkey99/ottoarch/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portable_Document_Formathttp://www.unesco.org/archi2000/pdf/alioglu1.pdfhttp://www.unesco.org/archi2000/pdf/alioglu1.pdfhttp://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?ParentID=6


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Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsOttoman architecture Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=576042862Contributors : 16@r, A.Savin, Abdullah Geelah, Adoniscik, Afghana, Alessandro57, Andarkan,AndrejSpSk, AndyMcKandless, Anglepush, AnnaFrance, Artaxiad, AtilimGunesBaydin, Aymatth2, BD2412, Baristarim, Ben Ben, Benne, Berthold Werner, Bjankuloski06en, Bless sins,BlueEyedCat, Cavann, CeeGee, Cercersan, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, CommonsDelinker, Crystallina, David Kernow, Denizz, Dialectric, Donald Albury, Downwards, DragonTiger23,E104421, Eggman64, Elekhh, Emyr93, Entry2007, Ev, Filibeli, Grk1011, Hajji Piruz, Hasanbay, Ian Pitchford, Igiffin, Ispy1981, Jarvis76, Jeff3000, JoJan, John of Reading, Jreferee, KansasBear, Kavas, Khateeb88, Khoikhoi, Kilhan, Konullu, Kurdo777, Laertes d, Local hero, Magister Mathematicae, Mandarax, Mardavich, Mashford, Mattisse, Mcginnly, Metb82, Mimar77,Mx2006, NawlinWiki, Nedim Ardoa, Niceguyedc, Nishkid64, Noclador, OttomanReference, Paras 70, Peace01234, Pejman47, Picassoo, Pontwiki, Quantum Lipids, Quintucket, RJFJR,

Raulsebrook, Rich Farmbrough, Sardanaphalus, Sevilledade, Shiham K, Stegop, Supergeo, Tajik, Takabeg, Tantal-ja, Thatcher, The Phoenix, Thiseye, Tim Ivorson, TimBentley, Tommiks,Triquetra, Turkish Cultural Foundation, Ugur Basak, Ultimate Destiny, Underlying lk, Vagabondino, Werieth, Widr, William Avery, Wulfnoth, YellowMonkey, Yozer1, Zaparojdik, Zello, DA- DP, 112 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Osmanli-nisani.svg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Osmanli-nisani.svg License : Public DomainContributors : Juris TiltinsFile:Safranbolu traditional house 1.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Safranbolu_traditional_house_1.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0UnportedContributors : Uur BaakFile:Robevihouse.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robevihouse.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : Bjankuloski06en, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Preslav,Spiritia, Vammpi, 3 anonymous editsFile:Bursa Ulu Camii, Minaret.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bursa_Ulu_Camii,_Minaret.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors : User:DarwinekFile:YesilCami Iznik 920.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YesilCami_Iznik_920.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors :QuartierLatin1968File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blue_Mosque_Courtyard_Dusk_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg License :Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors : Benh LIEU SONGFile:Blue mosque Istanbul 2007 Roof.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blue_mosque_Istanbul_2007_Roof.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : Gryffindor.Panoramic image from 4 parts: , , , stitched by MikeWJonesFile:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Selimiye_Mosque,_Dome.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors :Edelseider, Ekabhishek, G.dallorto, Jarble, Look2See1, Murdjo, Olivier, Pitert, Rapsar, Tomia, 1 anonymous editsFile:John frederick lewis-reception1873.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:John_frederick_lewis-reception1873.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : Lewis,John Frederick, 1805-1875, EnglishFile:Fontanna Ahmeda II Istambu RB1.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fontanna_Ahmeda_II_Istambu_RB1.jpg License : GNU Free Documentation License Contributors : User:RadomilFile:Front Side Library Sultan Ahmet III.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Front_Side_Library_Sultan_Ahmet_III.JPG License : Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0Contributors : SerhinhoFile:stanbul 4226.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:stanbul_4226.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors : User:DarwinekFile:Dolmabahce Sarayi.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dolmabahce_Sarayi.jpg License : GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors : -Inanna-File:Nuruosmaniye Mosque.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nuruosmaniye_Mosque.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5Contributors :User:SimmFile:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : Anniolek, Galileo01, Pascal.TessonFile:Nusretiye Camisi.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nusretiye_Camisi.JPG License : Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors :MaderibeyzaFile:Altakiyyah alsulaymaniyah.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Altakiyyah_alsulaymaniyah.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : Aziz1005 (if self made)File:Khaled Ebn El-Walid Mosque3.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khaled_Ebn_El-Walid_Mosque3.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors : NouraRaslanFile:Khan As'ad Pacha Al-'Azem.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khan_As'ad_Pacha_Al-'Azem.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution 2.0Contributors :De728631, Doug Coldwell, F, Man vyi, TheRealHuldraFile:Jaffa Tour horloge.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jaffa_Tour_horloge.JPG License : Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors :User:CaptainHaddockFile:Akko BW 13.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akko_BW_13.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : Berthold WernerFile:Bridge on the Drina July 2009.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bridge_on_the_Drina_July_2009.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0Contributors :Andri Branislav (me)File:Mostar - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Stari Most.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mostar_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_-_Stari_Most.jpg License : CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors : Adam Jones Adam63File:BiH, Sarajevo - Svrzina kua 1.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BiH,_Sarajevo_-_Svrzina_ku a_1.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors : Mat j BahaFile:Rc Gygyfrd, Budapest 02.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rc_Gygyfrd,_Budapest_02.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors : Daniel Edwins from St. Paul, MNFile:Gl baba trbje.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gl_baba_trbje.JPG License : GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors : Brunner88 at en.wikipediaFile:Eni Kale.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eni_Kale.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : QypchakFile:Attica 06-13 Athens 33 Monastiraki.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Attica_06-13_Athens_33_Monastiraki.jpg License : unknownContributors : A.SavinFile:Koursoum Mosque, Trikala.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Koursoum_Mosque,_Trikala.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors : Original uploader was at el.wikipediaFile:Kairo Sabil Kuttab of Katkhuda BW 1.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kairo_Sabil_Kuttab_of_Katkhuda_BW_1.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution3.0 Contributors : Berthold WernerFile:Muhammad Ali Mosque 1.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Muhammad_Ali_Mosque_1.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors : kallernaFile:Ciragan interior March 2008 pano.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ciragan_interior_March_2008_pano.jpg License : GNU Free Documentation License Contributors : GryffindorFile:Four Seasons Sultanahmet March 2008.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Four_Seasons_Sultanahmet_March_2008.JPG License : GNU Free DocumentationLicense Contributors : Gryffindor

File:012 PertevniyalCami.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:012_PertevniyalCami.JPG License : Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors : Alexandre Vallaury, Avniyazici, Gothika, Mach, NosferatFile:Kilic Ali Pasha Mosque and Tophane Fountain.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kilic_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_and_Tophane_Fountain.jpg License : CreativeCommons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors : Takeaway


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File:Edirne Karaaa Tren stasyonu.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edirne_Karaaa_Tren_stasyonu.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors : http://www.flickr.com/photos/mihalorel/ File:Banya Bashi Mosque Sofia.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banya_Bashi_Mosque_Sofia.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors : User:MrPanyGoff File:Picturised old traditional houses in Nicosia Republic of Cyprus during summer .jpg Source :http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Picturised_old_traditional_houses_in_Nicosia_Republic_of_Cyprus_during_summer_.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors : User:AncientNicosiaFile:NoviPazarCenter.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NoviPazarCenter.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors : Lumen romaFile:Sjenica Mosque.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sjenica_Mosque.JPG License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0Contributors :

j.budissin (Julian Nitzsche)File:Et'hem Bey Mosque & Clock tower.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Et'hem_Bey_Mosque_&_Clock_tower.jpg License : Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0Contributors : Predrag BubaloFile:Mangalia Mosque1020578.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mangalia_Mosque1020578.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors : BoyofdraculaFile:Turbe dzamija.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turbe_dzamija.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : Alexandre Vallaury, Mladifilozof File:Batal-dzamija.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batal-dzamija.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : Alexandre Vallaury, BokicaK, Mladifilozof,WhiteWriterFile:Aladja Moschee01.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aladja_Moschee01.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : Banatski, Local hero, Mazbln, Nrostrateur,Raso mk, File:Batumi Aziziye Mosque.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batumi_Aziziye_Mosque.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : unknownFile: - 2.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:- ____2.jpg License : Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors : User:Kiril SimeonovskiFile:Sultan-Murad-mosque.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sultan-Murad-mosque.JPG License : anonymous-EUContributors : Original uploader was atbg.wikipediaFile:Kapan an.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kapan_an.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0Contributors : NikolovskiiFile:Suli han.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Suli_han.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : AntidiskriminatorFile:Daut Pasha Hamam.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daut_Pasha_Hamam.jpg License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0Contributors : DavidBaileyFile:National Artgallery of Republic of Macedonia (Skopje).JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:National_Artgallery_of_Republic_of_Macedonia_(Skopje).JPG License : Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors : Original uploader was Svik at bg.wikipedia

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