IslamIslam

Rise of IslamRise of Islam

11-18-0811-18-08

Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula

Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula

► Crossroads of 3 Crossroads of 3 continents (Europe, continents (Europe, Asia & Africa)Asia & Africa)

► People living there are People living there are called Arabscalled Arabs

► Like Hebrews and Like Hebrews and Assyrians are Semitic Assyrians are Semitic speakingspeaking

► Nomads (Bedouins) Nomads (Bedouins) who moved constantly who moved constantly to find water (oasis)to find water (oasis)

OrganizationOrganization

► Because of harsh Because of harsh living conditions living conditions became very became very organized societyorganized society

► Leaders called Leaders called sheikh – literally sheikh – literally means a man of old means a man of old ageage

► Also developed Also developed great fighting skillsgreat fighting skills

ReligionReligion

►Most early Arabs were polytheisticMost early Arabs were polytheistic► City of Mecca – simple house of worship City of Mecca – simple house of worship

called a Ka’aba associated with Abrahamcalled a Ka’aba associated with Abraham

ReligionReligion

► The Arabs trace their The Arabs trace their ancestry to Abraham ancestry to Abraham and his son Ishmaeland his son Ishmael

► Ishmael was believed to Ishmael was believed to have built the Ka’aba have built the Ka’aba

► While many believed in While many believed in Allah (the Arabic word Allah (the Arabic word for God) – they also had for God) – they also had tribal godstribal gods

► Christians and Jews Christians and Jews living in Arab lands lead living in Arab lands lead to many becoming to many becoming monotheisticmonotheistic

The Prophet MuhammadThe Prophet Muhammad

► Born into a powerful Meccan familyBorn into a powerful Meccan family► Father dies at the age of 5Father dies at the age of 5► Becomes a respected traderBecomes a respected trader►Marries a wealthy widowMarries a wealthy widow

RevelationsRevelations

► At about the age of At about the age of 40 he has visions40 he has visions

► According to Islamic According to Islamic traditions the traditions the teachings were given teachings were given to him by the angel to him by the angel GabrielGabriel

► After much soul After much soul searching believes searching believes that Allah has that Allah has spoken to him spoken to him through Gabrielthrough Gabriel

Last of the prophetsLast of the prophets

►Muhammad believes he is the last of Muhammad believes he is the last of the prophetsthe prophets

►Allah is the one and only God and all Allah is the one and only God and all other gods must be abandonedother gods must be abandoned

►Foundations of Islam (submission)Foundations of Islam (submission)►Followers are called Muslims (one who Followers are called Muslims (one who

has submitted)has submitted)

PreachingPreaching

► After the revelation he started to preach in MeccaAfter the revelation he started to preach in Mecca► Feared that he would cause people to neglect the Feared that he would cause people to neglect the

Arab gods – and Mecca would lose its place of Arab gods – and Mecca would lose its place of pilgrimagepilgrimage

► Many followers beaten or stonedMany followers beaten or stoned

The HijrahThe Hijrah

►Muhammad leaves Muhammad leaves MeccaMecca

► Resettles north of Resettles north of Mecca in YathribMecca in Yathrib

►Many people move Many people move there to be with there to be with MuhammadMuhammad

► City renamed City renamed Medina – city of the Medina – city of the ProphetProphet

Support & WarSupport & War

►Muhammad begins to win support from Muhammad begins to win support from people of Medina as well as Bedouinspeople of Medina as well as Bedouins

►Muslims see no separation between Muslims see no separation between politics and religion (full submission)politics and religion (full submission)

►Muhammad becomes a political leaderMuhammad becomes a political leader►Fighting begins between the Muslims Fighting begins between the Muslims

and the Meccansand the Meccans►Sure of Defeat Mecca surrendersSure of Defeat Mecca surrenders

VictoryVictory

► Muhammad goes to the Ka’aba and says:Muhammad goes to the Ka’aba and says: Truth has come and falsehood has vanished.Truth has come and falsehood has vanished.

► Has the idols of the temple destroyedHas the idols of the temple destroyed► Declares the Ka’aba a sacred shrine of IslamDeclares the Ka’aba a sacred shrine of Islam► Most people in Mecca declare alliegence to Most people in Mecca declare alliegence to

Muhammad and convertMuhammad and convert

Muhammad final daysMuhammad final days

►He unites much of the Arabian Peninsula He unites much of the Arabian Peninsula under Islamunder Islam

►He falls ill shortly after and diesHe falls ill shortly after and dies

Teachings of Teachings of MuhammadMuhammad

Way of LifeWay of Life

► Muslims do not separate their personal and Muslims do not separate their personal and religious livesreligious lives

► Must live in regulation while serving communityMust live in regulation while serving community► Forbidden to eat pork, drink wine or like beveragesForbidden to eat pork, drink wine or like beverages

Way of LifeWay of Life

► No priests or central No priests or central religious authoritiesreligious authorities

► Worship God directlyWorship God directly► They do have a They do have a

scholar class called scholar class called ulamaulama

► Teachers who study Teachers who study the works and deeds the works and deeds of Muhammad and of Muhammad and apply them to apply them to everyday lifeeveryday life

Where does the Koran (Qur’an) Come Where does the Koran (Qur’an) Come FromFrom

► Original and primary is Original and primary is AllahAllah

► Allah expresses his will Allah expresses his will through the angel Gabrielthrough the angel Gabriel

► Revealed it to Revealed it to Muhammad as the Qur’an Muhammad as the Qur’an (Koran)(Koran)

► While Muhammad lived While Muhammad lived his followers listened to his followers listened to him preach and prayhim preach and pray

► After his death what they After his death what they had memorized was had memorized was written downwritten down

TranslationsTranslations

►While Koran is While Koran is written in Arabic it written in Arabic it has been translatedhas been translated

►However Muslims However Muslims consider only the consider only the Arabic to be the Arabic to be the true word of Godtrue word of God

► This spread Arabic This spread Arabic as a languageas a language

In groups of 5In groups of 5

► Find 5 Find 5 actualactual similarities between similarities between Islam and Islam and HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism ChristianityChristianity JudaismJudaism

► Find 5 Find 5 starkstark differences differences between Islam and between Islam and HinduismHinduism BuddhismBuddhism ChristianityChristianity JudaismJudaism

Similarities and Differences to other Similarities and Differences to other ReligionsReligions

► Islam Pages 191-194Islam Pages 191-194►Hinduism Page 77Hinduism Page 77►Buddhism Pages 78-79Buddhism Pages 78-79► Judaism Pages 56-60Judaism Pages 56-60►Christianity Pages 169-174Christianity Pages 169-174►Also look at pages 214-219Also look at pages 214-219

Similarities and Differences to other Similarities and Differences to other ReligionsReligions

► Islam Pages 233-237Islam Pages 233-237►Hinduism Page 62-64Hinduism Page 62-64►Buddhism Pages 64-66Buddhism Pages 64-66► Judaism Pages 72-76Judaism Pages 72-76►Christianity Pages 153-157Christianity Pages 153-157►Also look at pages 250-264Also look at pages 250-264

Spread of IslamSpread of Islam

11-20-0811-20-08

SuccessorSuccessor

►Muhammad had not Muhammad had not named a successornamed a successor

► Also had not Also had not instructed followers instructed followers how to choose onehow to choose one

► They elect a new They elect a new leader a “caliph” – leader a “caliph” – which means which means deputydeputy

► 632 Abu-Bakr632 Abu-Bakr

Abu-BakrAbu-Bakr

► Promised Muslim community he would Promised Muslim community he would uphold Muhammad’s visionuphold Muhammad’s vision

► But abandoned tribes stood up to himBut abandoned tribes stood up to him► Refused to pay taxesRefused to pay taxes► Some declared selves prophetsSome declared selves prophets► Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the

authority of Muhammad’s successorsauthority of Muhammad’s successors► Establishes a effective mobile army for jihad Establishes a effective mobile army for jihad

(a fair defensive war in the name of God)(a fair defensive war in the name of God)

Rightly Guided CaliphsRightly Guided Caliphs

► The first three elected The first three elected caliphs – Umar, Uthman caliphs – Umar, Uthman and Aliand Ali

► They all personally They all personally knew Muhammadknew Muhammad

► Supported his missionSupported his mission► Used Koran to guide Used Koran to guide

leadershipleadership► However many left However many left

faith after faith after Muhammad’s DeathMuhammad’s Death

SpreadSpread

The Empire’s SuccessThe Empire’s Success

► Reasons of the Reasons of the success of the Arabic success of the Arabic empire empire Were able to attract Were able to attract

many people to Islammany people to Islam Muslims did not have Muslims did not have

to pay certain taxesto pay certain taxes Did have religious Did have religious

tolerancetolerance► Still had difficulty Still had difficulty

maintaining rule and maintaining rule and civil warcivil war

The UmayyadsThe Umayyads

► Came into power set up Came into power set up a hereditary system of a hereditary system of successionsuccession

► Moved the capital to Moved the capital to DamascusDamascus

► Made controlling Made controlling conquered territories conquered territories easiereasier

► Made the Arab Muslims Made the Arab Muslims feel it was too far awayfeel it was too far away

The UmayyadsThe Umayyads

► Leaders abandoned the simple lifeLeaders abandoned the simple life► Instead surrounded selves with wealth and Instead surrounded selves with wealth and

ceremonyceremony► Lead to division in Muslim communityLead to division in Muslim community

Sunni-Shi’a SplitSunni-Shi’a Split

► In interest of peace In interest of peace many Muslims many Muslims accepted Umayyad accepted Umayyad rulerule

► This group This group eventually becomes eventually becomes the Sunni – the Sunni – followers of followers of Muhammad’s Muhammad’s exampleexample

►One group resistedOne group resisted► They believed that They believed that

the caliph, should the caliph, should be related to be related to MuhammadMuhammad

► This group becomes This group becomes the Shi’a – the party the Shi’a – the party of Aliof Ali

SufiSufi

► A third group resisted A third group resisted the Umayyads the Umayyads

► Pursued a life of Pursued a life of poverty and devotion poverty and devotion to a spiritual pathto a spiritual path

► Contact with God Contact with God through meditationthrough meditation

► Kept the focus on the Kept the focus on the KoranKoran

SufiSufi

►These men become missionaries in These men become missionaries in newly conquered landsnewly conquered lands

►Also their scholarship was lead to much Also their scholarship was lead to much of traditional learning and lawof traditional learning and law

►They studied the traditions of They studied the traditions of Muhammad, Arabic language, and Muhammad, Arabic language, and developed schoolsdeveloped schools

►This established the standards of This established the standards of Islamic conductIslamic conduct

AbbasidsAbbasids

► The splitting of their empire lead to the quick The splitting of their empire lead to the quick downfall of the Umayyadsdownfall of the Umayyads

► In 750 a rebel group overthrew them – AbbasidsIn 750 a rebel group overthrew them – Abbasids► When they took power the murdered the remaining When they took power the murdered the remaining

members of the Umayyad dynastymembers of the Umayyad dynasty

SpainSpain

► Spain had been conquered by the Berbers led Spain had been conquered by the Berbers led by Tariq – Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq) is named for by Tariq – Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq) is named for himhim

► They settled into Spain and started a Muslim They settled into Spain and started a Muslim state called al-Andalusstate called al-Andalus

Abbasids Consolidate PowerAbbasids Consolidate Power

► Strength lay in former Persian lands (Iraq Strength lay in former Persian lands (Iraq and Iran)and Iran)

►Move the capital to BaghdadMove the capital to Baghdad►Gives leaders access to key trade routesGives leaders access to key trade routes►Developed a strong bureaucracy – to governDeveloped a strong bureaucracy – to govern► Treasury – Chancery – Army DepartmentTreasury – Chancery – Army Department►Diplomats sent into EuropeDiplomats sent into Europe► To pay taxed land, imports, exports and To pay taxed land, imports, exports and

wealth of non-Muslimswealth of non-Muslims

AbbasidsAbbasids

► Lasted from 750-1258Lasted from 750-1258► Increased their Increased their

authority by authority by consulting religious consulting religious leadersleaders

► But failed to keep But failed to keep control of whole control of whole empireempire

► Independent Muslim Independent Muslim states spring upstates spring up

Fatamid DynastyFatamid Dynasty

►Named for Muhammad’s daughter Named for Muhammad’s daughter FatimaFatima

►Takes much of N. Africa and EgyptTakes much of N. Africa and Egypt►However the Abbasid Empire remains However the Abbasid Empire remains

united even without complete controlunited even without complete control►United through trade, language, and United through trade, language, and

religionreligion

Muslim AchievementMuslim Achievement

11-24-0811-24-08

Muslim Urban CentersMuslim Urban Centers

►Baghdad, Cairo, Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba & Cordoba & DamascusDamascus

►BaghdadBaghdad Circular DesignCircular Design Filled with Filled with

shopsshops 1,000,0001,000,000

Four Social ClassesFour Social Classes

►By the Eighth and Ninth centuries By the Eighth and Ninth centuries Muslim society had four classesMuslim society had four classes Upper Class – People who were Muslims at Upper Class – People who were Muslims at

BirthBirth Second Class – Converts to IslamSecond Class – Converts to Islam Third Class – Protected People (Christians, Third Class – Protected People (Christians,

Jews & Zoroastrians)Jews & Zoroastrians) Lowest Class - SlavesLowest Class - Slaves

WomenWomen

►Koran states “Men are the managers of Koran states “Men are the managers of women’s affairs… Righteous women women’s affairs… Righteous women are therefore obedient”are therefore obedient”

►Men and women are also equalMen and women are also equal►Muslim women had more rights than Muslim women had more rights than

European womenEuropean women►Women would work, could own Women would work, could own

property and had marriage rightsproperty and had marriage rights► Earliest days of Islam women could be Earliest days of Islam women could be

educatededucated

Preservation of KnowledgePreservation of Knowledge

► House of Wisdom – House of Wisdom – library in Baghdadlibrary in Baghdad

► Contained many Contained many ancient texts ancient texts including Greek and including Greek and Latin texts translated Latin texts translated into Arabicinto Arabic

► Much of the writings Much of the writings of the Ancient world of the Ancient world were preserved for were preserved for this reasonthis reason

Math and ScienceMath and Science► Adopted the “Arabic” number systemAdopted the “Arabic” number system► Developed AlgebraDeveloped Algebra► Astronomy Astronomy

Aware that the earth was roundAware that the earth was round Astrolabe – instrument used by sailors to determine position by Astrolabe – instrument used by sailors to determine position by

looking at the starslooking at the stars► Developed medicine – medical encyclopediaDeveloped medicine – medical encyclopedia

LiteratureLiterature

► The Rubaiyat of The Rubaiyat of Omar KhayyamOmar Khayyam

► Poetry about the Poetry about the meaning of lifemeaning of life

► Arabian Knights – Arabian Knights – folktales, fables and folktales, fables and romancesromances

Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

►Mosque at SamarraMosque at Samarra IraqIraq Minaret – towerMinaret – tower Muezzin – crier who Muezzin – crier who

calls the faithful to calls the faithful to prayerprayer

►Mosque at CordobaMosque at Cordoba Southern SpainSouthern Spain Forest of archesForest of arches