ClassificationIS2

Essential Questions

Why do we need to classify things?

How do we classify things?

Binomial SystemUsed to categorize organismsCreated by Linnaeus in 18th century2 Latin names: Homo sapiens

Homo = genus Homo sapiens = speciesGenus= always written with an initial capital letterSpecific name = lower caseAlways italic (or different from text font) or underlined (when handwritten)

Examples:Tiger= Panthera tigris Lion = Panthera

leoDog = Canis familiaris Wolf = Canis

lupusSunflower = Helianthus annuus

Helianthus annuus

Sunflower

Panthera leoLion

Escherichia colibacteria

Canis familiaris

Dog

Canis lupusWolf

BINNOMIAL SYSTEM

HierarchyKINGDOMPHYLLUM

CLASSORDERFAMILYGENUSSPECIES

If you need a trick to remember the sequence:

“king phillip came over for green soup”

Basic features to remember...

Prokaryotic cell x Eukaryotic cell

Autotroph x Heterotroph

Classification

For a long time: two kingdoms = ANIMALS AND PLANTS

With the microscope = more creatures discovered

Now:

Kingdom Eubacteriabacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)Unicellular organismsProkaryotesSome move (flagellum), some don’tSome autotrophic, some heterotrophic

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Live in extreme environments:

Rich in methane (found for example in the digestive system of ruminants)

Salt Hot springs Ocean (plankton)

Closer to eukaryotesClassification is still changing

Kingdom Protista

Amoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma, Euglena, ParameciumALL unicellularEukaryotesSome move (cilia, flagellum), some don’tSome autotrophic, some heterotrophic

Amoeba moving/feeding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&feature=related

Kingdom Plantae

algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plantsALL multicellularEukaryotesALL autotrophic4 main divisions:

Bryophytes (moss) Ferns (ferns) Gimnospermophytes (pine trees) Angiospermophytes (flowering

plants)

Kingdom Fungi

fungi, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildewsSome unicellular, some multicellularEukaryotesALL heterotrophic (saprotrophic: absorb organic matter from decaying organisms)Do not moveCells: no chlorophyll, cell wall made of chitin (not cellulose like plants)

Kingdom Animaliainvertebrates and vertebratesALL multicellularEukaryotesALL heterotrophicSome move, some don’tMany phyla:

Porifera (sponge) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Platyhelminthe (flatworm) Nematoda (roundworm) Annelida (earthworm) Arthropoda (ant) Mollusca (snail) Echinodermata (sea star) Chordata (includes vertebrates)

What is a dichotomous key?

tool that allows the user to determine the identity of a certain item (like, for example, a tree, a flower, an animal or a simple object)

"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

Engage Activity – Create your own dichotomous key

Create a dichotomous key to identify all students in this classroom, using questions based on gender, hair length/color, glasses (or not), clothing color/type, etc

Rule: You must not use characteristics that might make people feel uncomfortable!!!

1. Gender1a. Is this person male? Go to question 2.1b. Is this person female? Go to question 3.

Kingdom AnimaliaIS2

Phyllum Porifera

SpongesAquatic environmentsOldest of the animal phyla /Porifera = "pore bearer"Asymmetrical / Stationary animalsNo specialized tissuesNo “real” skeletonBody structure = numerous small pores + few large openingsFood: filters plankton Respiration: diffusion of O2 and CO2HermaphroditesSexual and Asexual Reproduction

Phyllum CnidariaJellyfish, anemone, coral, hydra Cnidos = “stinging needle”Aquatic environmentsRadial symmetryTwo layers of tissue (including some nerve cells)Two main life forms: free-swimming medusa (jellyfish) or stationary polyp (anemone)Body = single opening to gastrovascular cavity that serves as the mouth and anus and is typically surrounded by a ring of tentacles packed with stinging cells Stinging cells: offense and defenseFood: from tiny protists to large fishReproduction: sexual and asexual

Phyllum Platyhelminthes

Planaria, tapewormPlaty = "flat" ; helminth = “worm”Marine, freshwater, damp environmentsBilateral symmetryNervous system presentThree tissue layersNo circulatory system and no hard skeletonTheir bodies have only a single opening, which serves as both a mouth and an anus.Food: carnivorous OR steal food from hostEyespot = group of light-sensitive cellsRespiration: diffusion through skinHermaphroditesSexual and asexual reproductionSome parasites

Phyllum NematodaUnsegmented cylindrical bodyNematos = “thread"Freshwater, sea, soil + parasitesBilateral symmetryBody with 2 openings: mouth and anusNervous system presentRespiration: diffusion through skin Separate genders

Ascaris lumbricoides

Wuchereria bancrofti

Free living nematode

Larva migrans

Phyllum MolluscaClams, Snails, Slugs, Squid, OctopusMollis – “soft”Terrestrial, Aquatic (freshwater + marine)Muscular foot: used for locomotion or graspingA calcium shell present in most mollusks: some mollusks have greatly reduced their shells (squid); while others have completely lost it, e.g., slugs and octopusOctopus/squid: eyes with retina and lensesNervous system (with brain)Respiration: gills / lungs / skinMain body systemsOctopus = venomSexual Reproduction

Nautilus

Sepia

Sea slugs

Phyllum Annelida

Earthworms, Leeches, PolychaetesAnellus = "little ring”Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, parasitesBilateral symmetryMovement: musclesBody divided into segments (“rings”)Circulatory system presentTwo openings: mouth and anusRespiration: diffusion through skinFood: small invertebrates, earth, bloodSexual and asexual reproductionSome hermaphrodites

Phyllum ArthropodaCrabs, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, mites, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, insectsAll environmentsArthron = “joint”; podos: “foot”Hard exoskeletonJointed appendages + segmented bodyMust molt to grow = shed exoskeleton and inflate the body before the new skeleton hardens. Many appendages : antennae, claws, wings, shields, mouth parts – allow arthropods to exploit nearly every niche on Earth.Circulatory, excretory and nervous systems presentRespiration: gills, trachea Sexual Reproduction

Phyllum Echinodermata

Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollar, Brittle StarMarine Larva: bilateral symmetry/ later: radial symmetryNo central brainInternal skeleton made of little calcium platesMove, feed and breathe with a unique water-vascular system ending in what are called tube feetMost are either stationary or slow-moving animalsMain body systems presentFood: from particles to other starfish/shellfishExternal fertilizationRegeneration Sexual and asexual reproduction

Phyllum Chordata

97% are vertebrates -- animals whose skeletons include a backbone (which include Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals)Notochord: an elongate rod-like structure replaced by vertebral column in vertebratesDorsal nerve cord: a hollow tube that turns into central nervous systemPharyngeal gill slits or clefts: structures located behind the mouth and in front of the esophagusEndoskeleton

Lancelet or Amphioxus

Ascidea or Tunicata

VertebratesSkin: 2 layers – epidermis and dermisVertebral column + skullBrain + spinal cordEndoskeletonMain classes (one of which is extinct):

Agnatha - jawless fishes (lamprey/hagfish: scavengers/parasites) Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes Osteichthyes - bony fishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Birds Mammalia – Mammals

Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes

Sharks, rays

Cartilaginous endoskeleton,

gill slits, and paired fins and

nostrils

Heart: 2 chambers

Ventral mouth

No bone marrow

Scales

Ectothermic

Lateral line (vibrations)

Internal fertilization

Whale shark

Hammerhead and Sting ray

Osteichthyes - bony fishes 96% of living fish species.

Most numerous and diverse of the

vertebrates.

eel, seahorse, tuna, clownfish

Anterior mouth

Swim bladder: allows them to float

Gills protected by operculum

Scales

Ectothermic

bone replaces cartilage

External fertilization

tuna/seahorse/eel/moonfish

Amphibia - Amphibians There are three living amphibian groups: Frogs and toads Salamanders Caecilians

Originated from fishesAll have bony endoskeletons and usually four legsEctothermicMetamorphosis (some species)All require water at some stage in the life cycle.Most shed their eggs into water, which is also home to a free-swimming larval stage.Respiration: gills, lungs (less efficient) , skinWET skin = respiratory organ (usually thin and sometimes supplied with glands that produce toxins)Heart: 3 chambers External fertilizationEardrumsVocal cords

Caecilia – vestigial eyes + no legs

ReptiliaCrocodiles, Alligators, Turtles,

Snakes, Lizards

Evolved from amphibians

Heart = 4 chambers

Ectothermic

Skin = dry and full of scales

(prevent dehydration)

Eggs with shell, amniotic sac

(allows them to live on dry land)

Well developed lungs

Internal fertilization

BirdsPenguin, Kiwi, Hawk, Ostrich Eggs amnion: can develop on landHeart – 4 chambersInternal fertilizationEndothermicMuscular stomach with stones for grinding foodOil gland (help some float in water)Flight adaptations:

Feathers – insulation/flight Hollow bones Toothless Strong muscles No bladder (why do you think?) Lungs with air sacs Cerebellum developed (balance) Good vision Membrane covering eye (not eyelid) Some binocular vision (hunters)

Blue-footed Booby Bird

Harpia

kiwi

Mammalia3 groups:Monotremes = platypus and equidna (egg layers)Marsupials = pouch (where baby finishes its development)Placental = most mammals

Mammary glandsParental careHairDiaphragmDifferentiation of teethLarge brainEndothermicHeart = 4 chambersInternal fertilization

Kingdom PlantaeIS2

BryophytesSimple plants, limited sizeHold loose dirt in place: avoid weathering/erosionLive in moist areasDepend on water for sexual reproduction: motile male gameteNo vascular tissue = absorbs nutrients from environmentNo true roots = have rhizoids - like root hairs (absorb water, anchor plant)No real stemsNo real leaves = similar structures but only one cell thick Produce spores involved in asexual reproduction

moss

liverwort

Have vascular tissue: can be bigger

Xylem: H2O + minerals

Phloem: sap (sugar, hormones...)

Have real roots, stems and leaves (aka

fronds)

Live in moist areas: still needs water for

sexual reproduction

Spores produced generally on the

underside of the leaf (asexual reproduction)

Filicinophytes, or Ferns

frond

young frond

rhizome

roots

http://www.biology87.org/apbio/diversity/PlantLabPicts/statio4.jpg

http://www.biology87.org/apbio/diversity/PlantLabPicts/statio6.jpg

GimnospermophytesConifers

•Pines, cypress, sequoias•Contain a well developed vascular

tissue (big plants!), roots, woody stems and leaves•Produce male (contain pollen) and

female (contain ovules) cones•Pollen = gamete = does not

depend on water for reproduction•Produce seeds which develop on

the scales of the female cones•NO REAL FLOWERS + NO FRUITS

Sequoias National Park in California

Flowering plants with real roots, stems and leavesOccupy all environmentsMale gamete = pollen (does not need water for reproduction)Seeds are produced – develop inside the ovaries in the flowerOvary develops into a fruit which aids in seed dispersal

AngiospermophytesFlowering Plants