is 14153 (1994): guide for general description of photovoltaic … · 2018-11-15 · indian...

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IS 14153 (1994): Guide for General Description ofPhotovoltaic (PV) Power Generating systems [ETD 28: SolarPhotovoltaic Energy Systems]

Indian Standard

GUIDE FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ( PV ) POWER GENERATING

SYSTEM

UDC 621.311~25 : 621.383.5

@ BIS 1994

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

August 1994 Price Group 5

Solar Photovoltaic Energy System Sectional Committee, ET 28

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Solar Photovoltaic Energy System Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electro- technical Division Council.

Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating Systems consist of various components and subsystems. In this standard, an overview of the major subsystems and a description of components and interfaces has been detailed. It is intended that future Indian Standards will address a detailed classification of PV Power Generating-Systems. Performance parameters of PV systems shall be covered in separate Indian Standards.

In preparing this standard, assistance has been derived from 82 ( CentralOffice ) 19 Guide : General Description of Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating Systems, issued by the International Electro- technical Commission ( IEC ).

Indian Standard

IS 14153 : 1994

GUIDE FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ( PV ) POWER GENERATING

SYSTEM

1 SCOPE

1.1 This Indian Standard gives an overview of terrestrial PV Power Generating System Configurations and is intended to serve as an introduction to future PV system standards under consideration.

1.2 It contains :

An overview of major subsystems;

A description of major components and interfaces; and

A table with possible configurations which can be derived from the layout in Fig. 2.

1.3 Solar photovoltaic/thermal hybrid systems, auxiliary power source(s), civil engineering requirements are outside the scope of this standard.

2 TERMINOLOGY

2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS 12834 : 1989, ‘Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terminology’ shall apply.

SECTION ONE

3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating System consist of components and subsystems that are used to convert incident radiation directly into electrical energy. The electrical parameters of the input of a subsystem should be compatible with the output electrical parameters of a preceding subsystem(s).

3.2 All subsystems indicated in Fig. 1, except the ‘PV’, the load/grid and the Electrical Storage may be referenced as a Power Condi- tioner ( PC ) that could be supplied as a single unit.

3.3 Some or all the elements of two or more subsystems may be incorporated into one physical unit that could be capable of performing the functions of the individually incorporated subsystem.

3.4 The PV Power Generating System may operate in parallel with some other auxiliary power source(s) that are connected at the appropriate interface(s). In any particular PV Power Generating System design some of the subsystems shown in Fig. 1 may be absent. 1

3.5 Although the power quality parameters given for the ac/ac interface and the grid interface are identical in theory and in practice, PV generated power quality should be controlled at the output stage of the inverter for grid connected systems. For stand alone systems with ac load, the ac/ac interface may not be necessary since it is ac load power quality dependent.

3.6 For grid connected systems, general conditions relating to supply and use of energy as per Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 shall be followed.

3.7 All components used fin PV power generating system and parameters specified shall conform to Indian Standard Specifications wherever these exist. In the case of components or parameters for which Indian Standard Specifications do not exist, these shall be subject to mutual agreement between supplier and purchaser.

SECTION TWO

4 MAJOR CONFIGURATIONS

4.1 The major generating configurations are identified:

a)

b)

Stand Alone System - An independent power production system that is not connected to the grid and could thus be designed free from grid code requirements.

Grid Connected System - A power producing system interconnected with an existing electric power grid, subject to grid requirements.

1

MASTER s”B&EM --CI CONTRdLLER k - INVERTOR

MONITORING

23 STORAGE

ac,,LiNE h ,

ac/ac tt

I, - INTERFACE c ac LOAD z CI iz . . Y

(a) STAND ALONE SYSTEM WITH ac LINE

SUB&STEM -

MASTER CONTROLLER h

,MONlTORlNG

STORAGE

INVERTDR ac/ac c INTERFACE

% ac LOAD A

(b) STAND ALONE SYSTEM WITH dc UNE

MASTER suR&TEM --IC CONTRoLLER % __C INVERTOR __C ac/ac GRID

MONITORING INTERFACE e ac GRID

(C) GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM

Fig. 1 PV POWER GENERATING SYSTEM AND MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS

w

r- STAND-ALONE SYSTEM

SPEclRc LOAD

DC LOAD

GRlD AC LOAD 61ACNEi3-UP ( ] -. SYSTEM_.

hTrtlouT STORAOE AC LOAD

ITH STORAGE _

(b&C DRIVEN PUUP, IRRIcAT#)R...)

1 TELECDMbttJNICATION. UCHTlNG AlH0DlC PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . .

(AC DRIVEN PUMP. lRRlG+TlDN . . . 1

(PV DRIVEN HOME APPLIANCES . ..)

VIUAGE 6

ElJXTRtFICATlON WITH C DiSTRlBUTlON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0)

p~4g~~;gg~i~iCATl0td wITtj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(DC POWERED HOME APPUANCES...)

(MULTI-FA~~~LY HOUSES . . . . . .._ - . . ...)

- DC LOAD -

GRlD WiTHDul STDfME

CONNECTED p- AC LOAD -

SYSTEM ITH STORAGE

KLOCWD-

(&E&Eh$AAL;y!XE”. FACILITY PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )

ir, DISTRIBUTED MULTI-LOAD

FIG. 2 EXAMPLE OF Pv POWER GENERATING SYSTEM

~~VCTRlFltZATl0N WITH DC f;;

g~cTRlmnoN Wm . . . . . . . . . . . ..“.........d........

IS 14153 : 1994

SECTION THREE

DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS, COMPONENTS AND INTERFACES OF THE

PV POWER GENERATING SYSTEM

5 MASTER CONTROL AND MONITORING (MCM)

5.1 Functional Description

The master control and monitoring subsystem is the highest order of photovoltaic system control. It supervises the overall operation of PV Power Generating System and the interaction between all subsystems. The master control may also interact with the load(s). The MCM may be a subsystem that consists of electromechanical, electronic and/or logic circuitry or its functions may be incorporated in the other subsystems. For ease of design and operation some or all functions of the MCM may be included in other subsystems.

The accuracy and operating range of all types of control and monitoring functioning shall be specified by the manufacturer and the accuracy shall be as agreed to between the supplier and the purchaser.

The MCM should ensure system operation in either the automatic or the manual operating mode.

The monitoring function of the MCM subsystem may include sensing and collection of data signals, processing; recording transmission and presentation of system data as required.

The function can monitor:

a> The photovoltaic array;

b) dc conditioner;

Cl dc/dc load ~interface;

4 The storage subsystem;

4 aclac interface;

f 1 Load(s);

g> Inverter;

h) Auxiliary suppIy, etc;

_i) Grid interface;

k) Environmental conditions; m) Power conditioner;

n) Photovoltaic array current; p) Array average temperature; q) Battery state of charge; and r) Battery temperature.

Monitors may be of the following types: a) Light emitting diodes;

b) Alpha numeric digital display;

c) Analogue display; and

d) Permanent recording type.

The subsystem control function data to assure proper operation system subelements.

uses collected of all major

The subsystem control functions may include but are not limited to:

a) storage control device; b) array tracking; c) system startup; d) dc power transmission control; e) inverter startup and control;

f) ac load; g) support function(s) startup and control; h) security; j) fire protection;

k) auxiliary supply startup and control;

m) grid interface power control; and

n) other support functions.

In any particular PV Power Generating System design, some of the subsystems shown may be absent and some of the components of a subsystem may be present in single or multiple form.

6 PV SUBSYSTEM

6.1 Functional Description The PV subsystem consists of a mechanically and electrically integrated assembly of components required to form a unit that can produce dc power directly from incident solar radiation.

6.2 Main Characteristic

The PV subsystem may be comprised of but not limited to :

a) modules;

b) sub-array; c) array field; d) electrical interconnection;

e) foundation;

f) mounting structure;

g) protecting device(s); and h) earthing.

The PV subsystem should be designed on the basis of an economic and physical assessment of required system design functions and performance requirements ( suciaa; opz;atfl~ conditions, meteorological performance, load characteristics &d safety requirements ).

4

1s 14153 : 1994

The PV subsystem may be designed to meet average or peak system requirements of the load. Its size may be limited either by site restrictions or by the results of system optimi- zation studies that include performance and cost.

It should be ncted that since PV subsystem orientation affects system energy production, system design calculations are necessary to select the optimum orientation for the array. Arrays can be either fixed or discretely/continuously adjustable. Optimum selection of the fixed tilt angle depends upon many factors such as location, distribution of sunlight, load profile throughout the year. and particular site conditions.

6.3 Parameters

The following features, whichever applicable should be specified:

a) Input couditions 1) irradiance; and

2) irradiation. b) Output conditions

1) power; 2) voltage;

3) current; and/or

4) energy.

c) Protection equipment

1) lightning protection device;

2) earthing; and 3) subsystem protection, that is, bypass

diode(s). d) Environmental conditions. e) Site security. f) General mechanical features. g) Interaction with master control. h) Instrumentation ( sensors ). j) Personnel safety.

7 DC CONDITIONER SUBSYSTEM


The dc-conditioner provides protection for the dc electrical components and converts the PV subsystem voltage into a usable dc voltage. It generally includes all auxiliary functions ( such as internal power supplies, error amplifiers, self protection features, etc) required for its proper operation.

7.2 Main Characteristics

The dc-conditioner may consist of one or more, but is not limited to the following elements:

Fuse Switch Blocking diode Lightning protection Voltage level contoller Maximum power tracker

Although the dc-conditioner can be specified and tested independently of the PV Power Generating System, the technical characteristics depend upon the requirements of the system in which the unit is to he installed ( Fig. I ).

7.3 Parameters

The following should be specified: a) Input conditions

1) nominal voltage and current;

2) voltage and current range;

3) dynamic variations;

4) ripple; 5) regulation; 6) load conditions at which regulation

is needed; 7) duty cycle of operation of the load;

and 8) noise immunity for the load.

b) Output conditions

1) voltage and current;

2) tolerance of output voltage;

3) current limitation; 4) character of the loads; and 5) dc conditiqeer efficiency.

c) Protection and monitoring equipment 1) unit protection;

2) for the load; and

3) isolation between input and output.

d) dc conditioner efficiency.

e) Interaction with master control. f) Environmental conditions. g) General mechanical features.

h) Safety requirements. j) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i ).

k) Instrumentation.

m) Acoustic noise level.

8 dc/dc SUBSYSTEM


The dc/dc subsystem includes the necessary functions to interface the PV Power Generation System dc voltage to the dc load. It may

IS 14153 : 1994

additionally connect an auxiliary dc power suPPlY* 8.2 Main Characteristics

A dc/dc interface may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following elements:

a) Disconnect switches and fuses

b) dc/dc voltage conversion

c) Sanction of auxiliary dc supply

d) Filtering devices e) Protective devices such as:

1) earthing;

2) lightning; and

3) under/over voltage.

8.3 Parameters

The following should be specified:

a) Input conditions

b)

Cl d)

e) f 1 g) h) j) k) m)

1) nominal voltage and current; 2) voltage and current ranges;

3) dynamic variation; and

4) dc conditioner efficiency.

Output conditions

1) voltage and current;

2) tolerance of output voltage; 3) current limitation; and 4) characteristics of loads. Interface efficiency Protection equipment 1) unit protection; 2) for the load;

3) isolation between input a,nd output; and

4) over voltage and current. Interaction with master control Environmental conditions General mechanical features Safety requirements Electromagnetic interference (e.m.i)

Instrumentation Acoustic noise level.

9 STORAGE SUBSYSTEM


Thestorage subsystem provides the means to preserve electrical energy. The subsystem may also include input-output control devices such as charge regulation, over/under voltage

protection, output current laminater, instrumentation, etc.


The characteristics of the storage subsystem may include, but are not limited to, the following:

a) b) c) d) e) f) &I

Type of storage

Storage capacity Maximum depth of discharge Environmental constraints

Temperature dependency Life cycles Internal loss of storable energy ( time related )

h) Specific energy ( ratio of storable energy to the weight of the storage component)

9.3 -Parameters


a) Input conditions

I) nominal voltage and voltage range;

2) maximum charging current; and

3) battery trickle charge current.


c)

4 e)

1) voltage range; 2) maximum discharge current;

3) maximum depth of discharge; 4) battery temperature; and 5) battery voltage - full battery voltage

and voltage per cell

Number of ‘no sun’ days that the system can operate for Energetic and faradic efficiency Self discharge

f) Cycling conditions

g)

h) d kj

Protection equipment 1) unit protection;

2) for the load; 3) over/under current and voltage; 4) for safety; and

5) for environment.

Safety requirements

Interaction with master control ( MCM )

Maintenance m) General mechanical features n) Instrument.ation

p) Battery management system

6

1)

2)

3)

control charge to full charge/trickle charge;

prevention of over charge/over discharge; and protection of battery from emergency due to load fault.

10 INVERTER SUBSYSTEM


The inverter changes dc-conditioner and/or storage battery output into usable ac power. It may include voltage control, internal power supplies, error amplifiers, self protective devices, etc.


The inverter may control one or more, but is not limited to the following parameters:

a) Frequency b) Voltage level c) Start up and shut down

d) Synchronization

me) Reactive power f) Quality of output power

Although the inverter can be specified and tested independently of the PV Power Generat- ing System, the technical characteristics depend upon the requirements of the system in which the unit is to be .instailed. For example, parameters can differ between a stand alone and a grid interactive system.

10.3 Parameters


a) Input conditions

1) nominal voltage and current; 2) voltage and current range; and 3) dynamic variations of input voltage.


1) number of phases;

2) voltage and current; 3) output frequency and harmonic

distortion; 4) tolerance of voltage and frequency; 5) current limitation;

6) character of the loads; and 7) power factor ( pf ).

c) Inverter ~ehiciency

d) Protective equipment 1) unit protection; 2) for the load;

fS 14153 : 1994

3) isolation between input and output; and 4) over voltage and current

e) Loss without load

f) Interaction with the master control g) Environmental condition h) General mechanical features

j) Safety requirements k) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i ) m) Instrumentation n) Acoustic noise generation

11 ac/ac SUBSYSTEM


The ac/ac subsystem includes the necessary functions to interface the PV Power Generating System ac voltage to an ac load. It may additionally connect an auxiliary ac power supply *

11.2 Main Characteristics An aclac subsystem may consist of one or more, but is not limited to the following elements:

a) Disconnect switches and fuses b) ac/ac voltage conversion

c) Connection of auxiliary ac supply d) Filtering devices

e) Protective features such as:

1) earthing; 2) lightning protection devices;

3) under/over voltage; and 4) safety.

11.3 Parameters


a) Input conditions


2) nominal voltage(s) and current(s);

3) voltage and current ranges;

4) frequency; 5) power factor ( pf ); and 6) dynamic variations.




3) frequency and harmonic distortion;

4) tolerance of voltage and frequency;

5) current limitation;

6) characteristics of loads; and

7) power factor ( pf).

7

IS 14153 : 1994

8) phase imbalance limitations

Protection equipment

1) unit protection

2) for the load 3) isolation between input and output 4) over voltage and current Interaction with master control Environment conditions

f) General mechanical features g) Safety requirements

h) Interface efficiency j) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i )

k) Instrumentation

12 GRID INTERFACE SUBSYSTEM


The grid interface subsystem electrically interconnects the output of the dc/ac inverter and the grid distribution network. It permits the PV Power Generating system to operate in parallel with the grid and thus power may flow to or from the grid.

NOTE- The PV Power Gonerating system generated power that flows to the grid should not adversely affect the quality of the existing power on the distribution system nor endanger the safety of its operation.


An at/Grid interface subsystem may consist of one or more, but is not limited to the following elements:

a) Disconnect switches and fuses

b) ac/ac voltage conversion

c) Filtering device

d) Protective features such as: 1) earthing; 2) lightning protection devices; 3) under/over

devices: voltage

4) over voltage and current.

d) Interaction with master control e) Environmental conditions f) General mechanical features g) Safety requirements h) Interface efficiency

j) Electromagnetic interface ( e.m.i )

, protection

k) Instrumentation

4) relays; and 5) isolation transformer.

e) Coupling and discoupling system

12.3 Parameters


a) Input conditions


2) nominal voltage(s) and current(s);


4) frequency;

5) frequency range;

6) power factor ( pf ); and

7) dynamic variation.



2) voltage and current range;

3) frequency and harmonic distortion;

4) tolerance of voltage and frequency;

5) current limitation;

6) characteristics of loads;

7) -power factor ( pf ); and

8) phase balancing.

c) Production equivalent 1) unit protection;

2) for the load;

3) isolation between input and output; and

1s 14153 : 1994

ANNEX A

EXAMPLE CONFIGURATIONS DERIVED FROM FIGURE 2, WITH SOME TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

X denotes a necessary system component

(X) optional system component

Cemponents SK

dC I dc/dc Storage Inverter ac/ac Condi- Interface

acjac Interface Grid

Typical Examples

system tioner I Interface

Photovoltaic Po~~mGenerating

I I I

STAND-ALONE

dc stand-alone X (X) X without storage

_ ---

dc stand-alone X with storage

(X) X

_----

ac stand-alone ’ x without storage

(X)

ac stand-alone with storage

dc and ac stand- alone without *torage

dc and ac stand. alone with storage

I I ---_

X (X)

______~ X (X) x

----- X (X> x

Pumping - Hydrogen production

I_____-

X Lighting - Telecommuni- cations -Domestic appliances

~-------~~--~

X X Pumping

I__-__I______

X X X Rural electrification Telecommunications

~~___~

X X X Remote - industrial

~~--~ --_

X X x Industrial with DC loads

ELECTRIC UTILITY CONNECTED

ac Grid connected X without storage

(X) X x 1 x Urban residential appli. cations feeding power to grid

--____----____

ac Grid connected X (X) X X X X with storage

i

Uninterrupted power SUPPlY

ELECTRIC GRID CONNECTED

Grid connected X (X) with storage

Grid conneoted X (X) with storage

I I ~~~

x X Power stations

9

Bureau of Indian Standards

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Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not -preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sixes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.

Revision of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Addition’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. ET 28 (3185).

Amend No.

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Date of Issue

-

Text Affected

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