irrigation development- in respect to state of maharashtra

Irrigation Development…in respect to State of Maharashtra

Amit Arya

Faculty, Dept. of Business AdministrationDhanwate National College, Nagpur

Meaning• Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in

growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used to replace missing rainfall in periods of drought, but also to protect plants against frost.

• Irrigation has two primary objectives:– 1) to supply essential moisture for plant growth, which includes transport of essential nutrients– 2) to leach or dilute salts in soil

Besides this irrigation provides number of side benefits:– cooling the soil and atmosphere to create more favourable environment for crop growth– supplements the supply of water received from precipitation and other types of atmospheric water,

flood waters and ground water

Source: http://www.iitk.ac.in/3inetwork/html/reports/IIR2007/07-Irrigation.pdf 2

http://www.iitk.ac.in/3inetwork/html/reports/IIR2007/07-Irrigation.pdf

History of Irrigation development in India

• Vedas, Ancient Indian writers and ancient Indian scriptures have made references to wells, canals, tanks and dams. These irrigation technologies were in the form of small and minor works, which could be operated by small households to irrigate small patches of land.

• Ghiyasuddin Tughluq (1220-1250) is credited to be the first ruler who encouraged digging canals.

• Fruz Tughlug (1351-86) is considered to be the greatest canal builder. • Babur, in his memoirs called ‘Baburnamah’ gave a vivid description of prevalent

modes of irrigation practices in India at that time.• Famines of 1897-98 and 1899-1900 necessitated British to appoint first irrigation

commission in 1901. During 1910 to 1950 growth rate of irrigation was estimated at 2.0 % per annum for government canal irrigation.

Source: http://indiairrigation.blogspot.in/2009/01/history-of-irrigation-development-in_01.html 3

http://indiairrigation.blogspot.in/2009/01/history-of-irrigation-development-in_01.html

Land Utilization PatternLand Utilization Pattern

Net Area Sown, 174733, 56%

Misc.Trees & groves,

2488, 1%

Current Fallow , 13271, 4%Other Fallow,

12041, 4%

Permanent Pasture,

12524, 4%

Culturable Waste, 9137, 3%

Non- Agril use, 14069, 5%

Barren & uncult. , 17198, 6%

Forest, 52122, 17%

Area fig. in “00’ ha.

6

VIDARBHAVIDARBHA

MARATHWADAMARATHWADA

KHANDESHKHANDESH

WESTERN WESTERN MAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRA

KKOONNKKAANN

7

Drought Prone AreasDrought Prone Areas

Drought Prone AreasDrought Prone Areas

No. of Dists.

No. of Talukas

Total Area % to State

25 148 159 lakh Ha.

52

• Coastal Line - Sub humid climate

• Other part - Dry climate 8

• KonkanKonkan– Paddy - Increase area under Hy. Rice, Use of Urea DAP briquettes , Popularising “Chatu-

Sutri”-Four point paddy production technology– Cashewnut - Area expansion , Productivity enhancement , Promotion of organic cashew– Mango - Area expansion under Alphonso , Post harvest management including better

transportation of mango, Adoption of GAP– Construction of Konkan Jalkund, Check dams, Diversion Bundhara

• Western Maharashtra & KhandeshWestern Maharashtra & Khandesh– Sugarcane - increase productivity & release area for foodgrains and soybean– Soybean – increase area & productivity– Grapes & Banana – major stress on export– Pomegranate - area expansion in DPAP blocks– Floriculture & high value vegetables- cultivation under controlled conditions– Promote organic fruits & vegetables– More emphasis on ICM & IPM for horticultural crops like Pomegranate, Grapes– Promote floriculture & Cold chain

Region based Crop strategiesRegion based Crop strategies

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• MarathwadaMarathwada– Cotton - Increase the yield & promote Clean & quality cotton– Maize - Increase the area for cattle feed & industrial use– Oilseeds & pulses - Bridge the yield gaps – Promote the cultivation of sweet oranges, mangoes & banana– Kharif sorghum - Promote industrial use – Discourage the cultivation of sugarcane and divert the area under

soybean & gram– Promote protective irrigation through the farm ponds, dug wells

and other water harvesting structures

Region based Crop strategiesRegion based Crop strategies

10

VIDARBHAVIDARBHA• Paddy- SRI method for increasing productivity• Soybean- increase the area & productivity• Cotton- promoting Clean & quality cotton through contract farming, reduction in cost of

cultivation through INM & IPM• Organic cotton & mandarin promotion campaign• Pulses – promoting as intercrop in soybean and cotton• Mandarin Orange – improving the quality & productivity through improved packages of

cultivation and quality planting material• Promoting mandarin orange through better packing , transportation & preservation• Promoting Public Private partnership to develop clusters of pulses, vegetables, flowers

& fruits for the ultimate market in the urban areas• Water harvesting through farm ponds, dug wells, check dams, malgujari tanks & bodies

Region based Crop StrategiesRegion based Crop Strategies

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Problems•80% to 84% of the agriculture in Maharashtra is rainfed•One-third of the state falls under the semi-arid climatic zone•Deficient rainfall is reported almost every alternate year

•Marathwada and Vidarbha have been experiencing severe drought over the last three years

•Climate change has worsened the situation•lack of planning, short sightedness and pure disregard shown for the situation at the policy level•poor farmer is forced to practice an agricultural model•Only 4% irrigation in an area against capacity of 65%•Lack of awareness of govt.-led plans for their welfare

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Irrigation Schemes by Indian Govt.

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Irrigation ProjectsThe irrigated area in command area under the jurisdiction of Water Resources Department, GoM increased from 24.48 lakh ha in 2012-13 to 32.60 lakh ha in 2013-14.

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Reforms in Irrigation Sector

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Subsidy for Agricultural Pumps:

There are about 41.56 lakh agricultural pumps in the State. Agricultural pumps at subsidised rates and a provision of ` 3,552.99 crore has been made for 2014-15.

Electrification of Agricultural Pumps:

During 2013-14, MAHAVITARAN has provided electricity connections to 1.25 lakh agricultural pumps. During 2014-15 upto December 2014, in all 1.15 lakh agricultural pumps have been energised against the target of 2.02 lakh. To remove the backlog of electrification of agricultural pumps in backlog notified districts, a provision of ` 150 crore has been made for 2014-15.

Use of Improved Seeds:

The GoI has fixed seed replacement targets of 35 per cent for self pollinated crops (like paddy, wheat, tur, moong, udid, etc.), 50 per cent for cross pollinated crops (like maize, jowar, bajra, sunflower, etc.) and 100 per cent for hybrid crops. Maharashtra State Seed Corporation (MSSC) and National Seed Corporation (NSC)

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Flagship Programmes

Planning Commission had declared 15 flagship schemes in the agriculture and allied activities sector which include nine centrally sponsored schemes and six schemes through additional central assistance/central sector schemes.

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) is being implemented through additional central assistance.

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“Jalyukta Shivar Yojana has become a mass movement”- CM Fadanvis

“As a tribute to my father, let’s plant more trees”- Pankaja Munde

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To arrest maximum runoff in the village area.

To create Decentralized Water Bodies.

To increase the Groundwater Level in Drought areas.

To create new structures of water conservations

Rejuvenation of the water storage capacity of various existing structures like Village Tank,

– Percolation Tank CNB through repairs and renovations

To increase storage capacity of water bodies by removing silt through People’s Participations.

To sensitize the concept of Water Budgeting

To encourage Tree Plantation

To create awareness and encourage people for efficient use of water for farming

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“Jalyukta Shivar Yojana’’

The scheme aimed at solving water woes of draught-prone regions is already a hit with farmers as many

villages are inching towards becoming water-sufficient.

The transformation has been possible with concentrated efforts towards developing water sheds, improving

ground water levels, de-silting and decentralising water sources and increasing the area under irrigation.

Partnering for growth:

• NGOs, religious trusts, local government bodies and even villagers have actively participated in the

programme. The response is so overwhelming that a huge amount of Rs. 300 crore was raised through the

public participation alone.

• In Jalake, Jalgaon, an NGO-‘Art of Living’ trained people in various water conservation methods under the

expert guidance of Dr. Khanapurkar, of famous Shirpur pattern.

• In rural parts of Nagpur, Rs. 25 lakh out of one crore donated by Sidhivinayak Trust is used for the scheme.22

Taluka level committee under the chairmanship of Sub Divisional Officer (Prant)

District level committee under the chairmanship of District Collector

District level monitoring and review committee under the chairmanship of Guardian

Minister.

Divisional level Co-ordination Committees under the chairmanship of respective Divisional

Commissioners

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Gram Sabha / Meetings at Village

To Arrange Morning Rallies, Essay Compétition, Drawing Compétition, Elocution

Etc. For Creating Awareness among students

Creation Of Awareness Through Electronic Media

To Distribute Booklets, Leaflets Regarding Mission

To Advertise Through Jingles

Effective Use Of Publicity Media (Like Press, T.V.)

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Watershed Development Works like CCT/Deep CCT/Farm Ponds /Gabian/ CNB The Chain of Cement Nalla bandh with deepening and widening of Nalla Rejuvenation of old Water Bodies Repair, Renovation and Restoration of existing Minor Irrigation Water bodies like KT Weir /

Storage Bandhara etc.

Desilting of Water Conservation Structures like Percolation Tank, Village Tank, Storage Tanks, MM

Tank, ENB etc. Connecting Water Streams to Nallas Repairs of Canal Recharging of open dug wells and tube wells Action Plan for Strengthening of Drinking Water resources Efficient use of available water Strengthening of Water Users Associations Action Plan for Optimum use of Irrigation Potential of existing Major and Medium projects.

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Sr.

No.

Activity Detail Fund Flow Implementing Agency

1 Compartment Banding, Graded Band, Farm

Pond ENB, CCT

IWMP, MNREGA, NHM, State fund, TSP , OTSP, VIIDP,

SCP

Agriculture

2 CNB/Nalla Deepning/Nalla Widning CM Relief Fund, IWMP State Fund, DPDC, MP/MLA

Fund, VIIDP, ZP CESS Fund, NGO’s Fund, Co-Operative

Sugar Factories, CSR and Other institutional Fund

Agriculture and Small Scale Irrigation (water Conservation)

3 Rejuvenation of Old Structures of Water

Conservation

CM Relief Fund, State Fund, DPDC, ZP CESS Fund,

NGO’s Fund, Co-Operative Sugar Factories, CSR and

Other institutional Fund, Machinery available in

department, Mahatma Phule Jal bhumi Abhiyan,

MNREGA, IWMP-EPA Fund.


Sr. No.Sr. No. Activity Detail Activity Detail Fund FlowFund Flow Implementing AgencyImplementing Agency

4 To Improve usage of existing Water Conservation Structure like KT Weir, Storage Bandhara.

State Fund , DPDC, ZP CESS Fund , NGO’s Fund, Co-Operative Sugar Factories, Public Participation


5 Optimum use of Irrigation Potential of existing Major and Medium projects.

State Fund , DPDC, NGO’s Fund, Co-Operative Sugar Factories, Public Participation

Water Resources Department

6 Connecting Nallas with Rivers Joining projects

State Fund Water Resources Department

7 Desilting of Percolation Tank, Village Tank, Storage Tank, Shivkalin Tank, Britishkalin Tank, Nizamkalin Tank, ENB etc.

MNREGA, Public Participation, Co-Operative Sugar Factories, Mahatma Phule Jalbhumi Abhiyan,

Agriculture and Small Scale Irrigation (water Conservation), ZP

8 Strengthening of Drinking Water resources

ZP CESS Fund and DPDC, Central Fund Water Supply Department, GSDA and ZP

9 Recharging of open dug wells and tube wells

MNREGA, Mahatma Phule Jalbhumi Abhiyan, Agriculture and GSDA

Sr. No.Sr. No. Activity Detail Activity Detail Fund FlowFund Flow Implementing AgencyImplementing Agency

10 Efficient use of available waters and cropping pattern

National Micro Irrigation Mission, State Fund Agriculture

11 Dryland Agriculture Farming Mission

State Fund Agriculture

12 Strengthening of Water User Associations

State Fund, Public Participation WRD/ WCD

13 Channel Repairing MNREGA WRD EGS

14 Public Awareness IWMP, Mahatma Phule Jal Bhumi Abhiyan Agriculture

15 Publicity IWMP, Mahatma Phule Jal Bhumi Abhiyan Agriculture

IWMP Phase 1,2 &3 / RIDF/VIIDP/Gatiman Dryland agriculture farming mission / villages covered in 50% or

more completed water sheds / + Current Year Scarcity declared village + Tanker Feeded village+ over

exploited village in water shed


more completed water sheds / + Current Year Scarcity Declared Village + Tanker Feeded village


more completed water sheds / + Current Year Scarcity declared village

IWMP Phase 1,2 &3 / RIDF/VIIDP/Gatiman Dryland agriculture farming mission / Villages covered in 50% or

more completed water sheds / + Scarcity declared village for last five years + Tanker Feeded village+ over

exploited village in water shed

IWMP Phase 1,2 &3 / RIDF/VIIDP/Gatiman Dryland agriculture farming mission /

Villages covered in 50% or more completed water sheds / + Minimum one year

tanker feeded village in last five year

Water Shed Declared Village and a village were Scarcity was declared at least once

in last five year

Suicide prone villages and villages taking lead in people’s participation

Selection of village is very transparent. Collector’s committee to select villages

Village Action Plan, Water Budgeting is essential Requirement of water – For Drinking , For Animals and For Agriculture Shivar Visit by field officers / Villagers Average Rain, Runoff, Topography, Availability of Water Availability of Water in Existing Projects, Rejuvenation of old structures, Construction of

new structures, Draft of village action plan. Revenue Officer and Agriculture Officer shall prepare the action plan of village/taluka and

districts in following manner

a) Repairs and desiltation of existing structures - nature of works, their number and the fund requirement.

b) To complete incomplete existing schemes on priority basis – nature of works, their number and the fund requirement

c) To undertake new works - nature of works, their number and the fund requirement

Village Action plan - Approval of Gram Sabha

The control of the Abhiyan is with District Collector – Collector is captain of the

Team.

Collector is Chair person of the District Level Committee – He is responsible for

selection of villages, approval of the plan and implementation of the works.

The village plan is based on the water budget of the village and the Gram

Sabha is empowered to approve the plan.

The Divisional Commissioner is Nodal Officer of the Division Level Committee.

There is the convergence of 14 schemes related to Water Conservation.

The Integrated Watershed Management Programme IWMP is Core Part Of The

Abhiyan.

Central Govt. Fund, State Govt. Fund, DPDC Fund are the main sources of the fund .

Apart from regular DPDC Provision, Rs. 1600 Cr special provision is made available for the programme which can be used by collectors for any work of JSA. Also additional Rs. 400 Cr. will be made available in April, 2016.

Under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana i.e. RKVY in 2014-15 Rs.75.00 Cr and in 2015-16 Rs.40.00 Cr grant was made available under Mahatma Phule Jalbhumi Abhiyan which is mainly used for providing fuel for desilting and deepening/widening of nalas, Rejuvenation of old water bodies.

Integrated Watershed Management Programme is back bone and core part of the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan

5% scarcity programme fund and 5% of regular DPDC scheme fund is allowed to spent for JSA. Apart from this, 10% DPDC regular scheme fund is allowed to spent for repair works in JSA. 3.5% Innovative Scheme fund is allowed to spent on JSA. Up to Rs.20.00 lakhs from MLA Local Development Fund is also allowed to spent on repair works as well as new works

Peoples contribution is also important and has contributed considerable amount by way of donations/shramdan.

Corporate Social Responsibity – CSR is also source of fund.

Concurrent Evaluation by Quality Control Monitors.

Third party Evaluation after completion of works.

Digital GIS based photo uploading – before starting of work, during work and

after completion of work.

Approval of Gramsabha to action plan of village and progress of work is reported

to grampanchayat.

Disbursement of the final bill only after the approval of Gramsabha / G.P.

Information of village action plan, Baseline survey and Progress report of works all

selected 6202 villages available/ monitored on SIMNIC Software.

Digital Photos of works are uploaded through mobile Application with the help of

MRSAC.

Co-ordination/Monitoring Cell At Water Conservation Department Mantralaya,

Scrutiny Of Reports and Onwards Submission To CMTO

Chief Minister Transformation Office (CMTO) Monitoring Periodical Review Of

Programme. Action at DMO (Delivering Management Office)

DMO In Water Conservation Department And Other Departments. DMO Shall Be

Responsible For Study Of Reports Received From CMTO. DMO shall obtain Remarks

Of Various Departments And Submit Revised Report To CMTO

Transformation Committee Under The Honorable Chief Minister for policy

decisions

High Power Committee under the chairman ship of Honorable Chief Secretary to

review the work and empower to take all decisions regarding JSA.

Increase in Water Storage Capacity

Recharge of Ground Water Level

Increase under protective Irrigation Area

Increase in Cropping intensity

Increase in the Horticulture Area

Increase in the Agriculture Produce and productivity

Increase in Fodder Production

Increase in area under Soil Moisture Security

Improvement of Environment through Tree Plantation

Improving Productivity and Socio-economic Condition of farmers

DIVISION SELECTED VILLAGES WORKS STARTED IN VILLAGES NO. OF WORKS

Kokan 203 203 35396

Nashik 941 941 26764

Pune 903 903 34026

Aurangabad 1682 1682 65263

Amarawati 1396 1396 25579

Nagpur 1077 1077 15062

Total 6202 6202 170233

Sr.No Treatments Works in progress Works Completed Total (Ha.)

1Compartment bunding

(ha.)105996.17 472384 578380

2 CCT/Deep CCT (ha.) 5420 44591.10 50011.2

Total 111416.17 516975.1 628391.2

Sr.No Treatments Works in progress

Works Completed Total(NO.)

1 MNB s (no.) 402 2491 2893

2 CNB (no.) 1764 4316 6080

3 CNB Repairs (no.) 558 943 1501

4 K T weirs Repairs (no.) 374 367 741

5 Percolation Tank (no.) Repairs 363 889 1252

6 Gaon Tank/Percolation Tank (no.) 97 173 270

7 K T Weirs (no.) 141 256 397

8 Nala Stretining and Deepening (no.) 1695 6402 8097

9 Farm pond (no.) 3104 4793 7897

10 Nala Connect Project/Odha Jod (no.) 5 4 9

12 Well/bore well recharge (no.) 10217 23258 33475

13 Recharge Shaft (no.) 4843 2161 7004

Total 23563 46053 69616

Total Villages Selected

Works Started by Public

Participation

Deepening/Strentning/Desiltation Works (In

Km)

Approximate Cost of work in Cr. Rs.

6202 4491 861.29 246.64

The total work of Deeping/Strentning of Nala completed is 2351 Km.

Water storage potential created - 688596 TCM.

Protective Irrigation potential Created

One Protective Irrigation - 610840 ha.

Two Protective Irrigation - 309325 ha.

Total Expenditure - 1931.27

A glance at the progress

• In Latur’s Ausa village, a stream deepening on 28 km stretch and wellrecharging worth 22 lakh is already

complete.

• In Selu village of Latur, deepening of streams, building cement structures and water recharge shaft were

completed simultaneously in a record time.

• In Dhule where 129 villages are under the programme, work at 1261 sites is already complete.

• In Beed district, 271 villages have undertaken 2961 projects estimated at Rs. 223 crore.

• In Jalgaon, the CM visited various sites in Shirsoli, Jalake, Devhari and expressed satisfaction with the

speed of project completion.

• Districts such as Akola, Nanded, Solapur, Usmanabad and Yavatmal too have completed many works like

de-silting, deepening and widening streams

• In 6,000 villages all over the state, we have undertaken around one lakh projects and 50,000 of them are

already complete,’’ Mr. Fadnavis informed the media.43

The Road Ahead

After completion of irrigation projects in next two years:

50% area will be under irrigation & rest 50%, rainwater harvesting and decentralising water sources are the only options.

A target of 13,000 villages in two years and 20,000 villages in five years to be draught-free.

Emphasize on correct crop patterns, group farming and forming farmers’ cooperatives in the next phase.

From next year, 25% funds will be allocated for maintenance and repair work of these projects and all water sources will be brought under the scheme, including rivers.

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Some Major Concerns• “Maharashtra has the country’s 40% large dams, but 82% area of the state is rain fed.”• March 2014 saw agriculture over 10 lakh hectares destroyed, mainly in Marathwada and Vidarbha. In

2015 too, February and March unseasonal rains and hailstorms battered farmers in Vidarbha, Konkan, Marathwada and Uttar Maharashtra (Nashik, Jalgaon and Dhule Districts) impacting over 8.5 lakh hectares of crops, thousands of farmers and landless laborers.

• In April itself the state had only 28% storages with Marathwada dams holding only 13% water and 4 of its dams at 0% Live Storage. Manjara and Lower Terna Dams of Marathwada have been at 0 Live Storage for more than two years now!

• 2331 villages in the state now fall in critical or over exploited areas, many concentrated in Vidarbha and Marathwada.

• The MWRRA, acting as the State Groundwater Authority under the Groundwater Management Act 2009, suddenly “notified” 76 overexploited and 7 critical watersheds.

• Districts of Ahmednagar, Amravati, Aurangabad, Buldana, Jalgaon, Jalna, Latur, Nashik, Osmanabad, Pune, Nashik, Satara and Solapur, to prohibit sinking wells deeper than 60 meters

(Source: https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2016/01/23/maharashtras-water-sector-in-2015-did-anything-change-with-the-government/) 46

https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2016/01/23/maharashtras-water-sector-in-2015-did-anything-change-with-the-government/

Contd…• 80 per cent of rural workforce depends on agriculture• The net sown area of 18 million hac. is distributed among nearly 10 million farm

holdings.• only 16% of the land is under irrigation• 76 % of the irrigation water is used for sugarcane grown on 3 % of the cultivated

area.• irrigation potential in the state is very low at 16% as compared to the national

average of 42%.• Overdependence• on private sources of• groundwater use such as tube wells, bore wells, wells and piped water, limits

access of farmers to water resources and has also led to over exploitation and severe drop in groundwater levels in the area.

47

Water conflicts were simmering in Godavari and Bhima Basins

Tata Dams in the source region of Bhima Basin and Koyana Dam in the downstream,

continued to transfer water outside the Bhima and Krishna Basins to the water rich Konkan

Basin.

Tata Dams hold highest percentage of water in all Bhima basin dams, they have not released a drop for the parched downstream. Water from Tata dams could have helped parts of Marathwada too. Despite the State Water Policy of first priority to drinking water, second for agriculture and only after that for industry, (hydropower is an industry), no strong policy measure was taken to tackle this even in the most severe drought. This situation would have been scandalous in any other society.

Google Earth image indicating water diversion to Konkan from Tata Dams (marked in red arrows)

48

Suggestions to fight-back the crop failures:

• Policies need to be designed to improve the education

and quality of life of the farmers

• Developing other additional skills or income generating

activities

• Improvement in bank lending mechanisms

• Non institutional lending mechanisms like moneylenders

should be brought under regulation

• improve irrigation facilities & harvest and use water

• crop insurance has to be strengthened

• encouraging development of local seed grower families

• encourage research and development that can aid our

farmers49

Changing Scenario ofIrrigation in Maharashtra

• 4,726 Water Users Associations (WUA) for command area of 18.83 lakh ha have been formed upto the end of

December, 2014.

• The water charges levied during 2013-14 were ` 607.04 crore as against recovery of ` 514.77 crore and outstanding

recovery at the end of 2013-14 was ` 1,359.73 crore.

• The total live storage as on 15th October, 2013 in the major, medium and minor irrigation (State sector) reservoirs

taken together was 29,232 Million Cubic Meters (MCM),nearly 72.5 per cent of the storage capacity as per the project

design.

• The State gives 60 per cent subsidy to small & marginal farmers and 50 per cent subsidy to other farmers for purchase

of sprinkler and drip irrigation equipments.

• During 2013-14, the distribution of fertilisers was effected through 0.49 lakh fertiliser distribution outlets, out of which,

6.25 per cent were in co-operative sector, 0.27 per cent in public sector and 93.48 per cent in private sector.50

Bibliography• http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/droughts-maharashtra-lack-management-or-

vagaries-climate-change• https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/upload/WhatsNew/Economic%20Survey%20of

%20Maharashtra...pdf• https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2016/01/23/maharashtras-water-sector-in-2015-did-

anything-change-with-the-government/• http://www.iitk.ac.in/3inetwork/html/reports/IIR2007/07-Irrigation.pdf• http://indiairrigation.blogspot.in/2009/01/history-of-irrigation-development-in_01.html• Maharashtra Ahead; Vol. 4 Issue 8/August 2015• Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2015-16• Economic Digest Vol. XLIV/No.9

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Thank You

52

irrigation development- in respect to state of maharashtra

Education