irish english until 1600 - uni-due.delan300/english language in... · ca.500 danish islands,...
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The English Language in Ireland Prof. R. HickeyWS 2015/2016
Irish English until 1600
Anna-Lena Pflips
Gina Zaremba
Hannah Heese
Katharina Häuser
Sina Petrasch
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Structure
1. The influence of Latin in Ireland
2. The Vikings
3. The Anglo-Normans in Ireland
4. Kildare Poems
5. Forth and Bargy
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The influence of Latin in Ireland
1) Name: Anna-Lena Pflips
2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor
3) Type of credit: TN
4) Module G
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Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=89
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Irish_clover.jpg
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Basic Information
- Christianisation in 5th century
- Celtic monuments recreated
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Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Di Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí: Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169, in: Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Ed.): A new history of Irelan I – Prehistoric
and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.Paul Russel: What was best of every language: The early history of the Irish language, in: Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Ed.): A new
history of Irelan I – Prehistoric and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Basic Information
- Sacred texts, Gospels and hagiography
- Interlinear glosses in Insular Script
- Hiberno-Latin language of communication
- Origin of Ogham alphabet
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The influence of Latin in Ireland – Latin loanwords in Irish
- Ecclesiastical terms
– Hell: infemus → ifreann
– Church: cella → cill
– Sin: peccatum → peaca
– Priest: sacerdos → sagart
– Monk: monachus → manach
– Body: corpus → corp
Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Latin.htmDi Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.
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Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Latin.htmDi Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Latin loanwords in Irish
- Daily life
– Cheese: caseus → cáis
– Man: vir → fear
– Old: senex → sean
– Sea: mare → muir
– Water: unda → uisce
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Sources: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hagiography
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Irish hagiography
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Irish hagiography
- Greek hagios: saint, grapho: I write
- Saints as role models
- e.g. The Book of Armagh
- e.g. Vita Brigitae
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells
- Most famous of the illuminated manuscripts
- 800 – 1000 AD
- Several writers
- Past: Abbey of Kells in Kells, Co. Meath
- Four Gospels
- Ornate letters at beginning of each section
- Now: Trinity College in Dublin
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells
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Sources: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol292rIncipJohn.jpg
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells
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Source: Own Image
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Kells
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Book of Durrow
- Approx. 7th century
- Abbey of Durrow, Co. Offaly
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/
The influence of Latin in Ireland – Latin and Celtic scholarship
- First grammar books of Irish in Latin
- Until 20 th century
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The Vikings
1) Name: Gina Zaremba
2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor
3) Type of credit: TN
4) Module: G
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The Vikings: A general overview
- The term ‚Viking‘ : derivation is uncertain, linked to activities based on the sea à ‚a-Viking‘
- Described as barbarians, heathens à contain an ‚air of mystery‘
- There was never ONE Viking people - à home of the Vikings: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, part of Finland
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The Territorials of the Original Kingdoms
Source: The Vikings: James Graham Campell British Museum Publications Limited, 1980
- The original Danish Kingdom:Border at the Jutland Peninsula, Ca.500 Danish islands, provincesof southern SwedenImportance of Hedeby
- The original Norway: Trondheim, major centre at theCoast (Kaupang)
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The Vikings: A general overview
- Northern version of the Germanic language which was understood across Scandinavia
- Opportunity to understand each other
- Scandinavia was inhabited by farmers and fishermen
- Strong connection between the people
- Gaining power was very important à gain wealth in the territories around Scandinavia
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The Movement of the Vikings
795: Viking raid near Dublin
830s: Raids on Ireland intensify
840s: Dublin established as Viking base
850s: The Danes invaded Dublin
902: Expel of the Vikings
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The Movement of the Vikings- First raid on Lambey in
795
- Shortly before 840 Turgeis from Norway invaded Ireland and captured Armagh
- He established harbor –strongholds at Dublin, Wessex, Waterford, Cork, Limerick
- In 845 Turgeis was killed
Source: A History of the Vikings, Second Edition Oxford University Press 1968
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Kilmainham Cemetery
Source:http://www.thejournal.ie/hidden-ireland-the-capitals-oldest-graveyard-609289-Sep2012/
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The Norse Language
- Linguistic traces of the Vikings- Difficult interpretation of Scandinavian names- Influence on place names, such as…- The island of Dalkey (south side of Dublin, the English
name comes from Norse dalkr ‘thorn’ + ey ‘island’
- small island just north of Dublin, Ireland’s Eye, the second element is Scandinavian ey meaning ‘island’
- Munster, Leinster, Ulster, Connacht. The second syllable of the first three of these derive from a Norse ending staðr ‘place’
- Affection of dialects; Replacement through Norse
Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Old_Norse.htm
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Old Norse loan – words in Old/ Middle Irish
Source: Old Norse in Ireland, Britta Schulze – Thulin
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Old Norse loan – words in Old/ Middle Irish
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The Anglo-Normans in Ireland
1) Name: Hannah Heese
2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor
3) Type of credit: TN
4) Module G
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
The coming of the Anglo-Normans
- at the end of the 12th century (1169)
- from the coast of West Wales to the coast of South-East Ireland
- initiated a long period of involvement of England with Ireland
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
The status of Anglo-Normans
- leaders among new settlers
- English rulers were French-speaking
- Anglo-Norman Language established itself
- large number of loanwords
- language of law
- influence in church
- impact of Anglo-Norman recognizable in surnames
- landlords established bases in countryside, granted by English King
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Anglo-Norman loanwords
- Anglo-Norman words diffused into Irish
- quantity of loans from Anglo-Norman
- phonological adaption to Irish sound system
- Anglo-Normans assimilated rapidly to the Irish
- change over to Irish showed Anglo-Norman domination of Ireland
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Source: https://www.uni-due.de/LI/
The Statutes of Kilkenny
-1366 statutes were issued
- to forbid all manners and customs which were too Irish
- English Language was to be spoken
- linguistically not successful
- Normans easily switched to Irish
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The Kildare Poems and the Loscombe Manuscript
1) Name: Katharina Häuser
2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor
3) Type of credit: LN
4) Module G
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Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 54-55.
Irish English of the Middle Ages – General Information
• Recorded in
1) Kildare Poems
• Assumed that they were composed in the first quarter of the 14th century
2) Loscombe Manuscript
• End of 14th century
• “on blood-letting” & “the virtue of herbs”
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General Information
p Kildare Poems: Irish provenance
p Probably written in Kildare but copied in Waterford (Benskin 1989) -> in-line spellings cherch/church for chirch
p Difficult to say how the remains represent Irish English language at that time -> no comparison
p Initial input -> west and south-west England
p Possibility that Irish influenced the language
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 54-56.
https://www.stepmap.de/landkarte/grossbritannien-und-irland-125567.png
Kildare
Waterford
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Change in sound segments
Coronal fricatives and plosives ending of 3rd person singular verbs:“t” instead of “th” = fallytOr “th” instead of “t” = sith (sit)
Voicing if initial fricatives Uoxe = fox ; velle = fell
Loss of nasals “haue” = haveBefore coronal stops: “fowden” = founden; “mouthes” = monthsBefore pre-velar sounds: “fowge” = fong (catch)
Loss of /h/ “is” = his; “ad” = had-> in the Irish language the initial /h/ only under certain morpholoical conditions
Consonant doubling “delle” = deal; “hoppe” = hope-> vowel shortness
Interpretation of <sch> and <ss> “sch” interpreted as /ʃ/; “s” interpreted as /s/ but also /ʃ/Etymological comparison: “scholder” = shoulderHickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University
Press, pp. 56-58.
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Sound processes
Vowel raising Most common: e -> I“silf” = selfPlural endings: namis, herbis…
metathesis /r/ and a short vowel change in sequence -> “fryst” = first; “Gradener” = Gardener
Epenthesis Initial: “uerisse” = freshMedial: “Auerill” = April
Final devoicing “delet” = dealed; “purget” = purged
Fortition after sonorants “fent” = fend, “spent” = spend
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 59-62.
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Open syllable lengthening
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English : history and present-day forms. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 62-66
p Tendency that low vowels lengthen more than high vowelsp Western Irish: common to lengthen /a/ to [a:] (low vowel)
but not /i/ or /u/ high vowelp Phenomenon of early Middle English period p One syllable words tend to have a longer vowel ->
mad/madder p No lengthening of high vowels in Kildare poems -> this
process started later
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Conclusion
p The medieval Irish English language was influenced by Irish and English
p Settlers and immigrants from west-/ southwest England influenced the language
p Examples: Kildare Poems and Loscombe Manuscript
Source: Literature reference OR My own text
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Forth and Bargy
1) Name: Sina Petrasch
2) Course of study: LA-Bachelor
3) Type of credit: TN
4) Module: G
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Forth and Bargy
− Dialect of the south-east corner of Ireland in the baronies
of Forth and Bargy
− Stress system is similar to surrounding varieties of Irish
− Dialect as a continuation of the Kildare Poems
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Baronies of Forth and Bargy
Source: https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/ForthAndBargy.gif
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Origin of Forth and Bargy
− First settlers arrived in the south-east of Ireland
− Baronies of Forth and Bargy are quite isolated
− Characteristics of the Forth and Bargy dialect:
- initial voicing
- final stressed vowels
- Irish loanwords
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Development of Forth and Bargy
− 15th and 16th century: Ireland became more and more Irish
speaking
− Forth and Bargy as relic areas
− Irish and Flemish loanwords
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
Forth and Bargy
Mid. English
Flemish
1. grate groat groot “small coin”
2. hamas hame hame “wooden frame on horse collar“
3. prate prate praten “talk”
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Sound System: Long Vowels
− Seven long vowels in late Middle English
− /iː/ à comree (FB), coimri (I) = protection, patronage
/iː/ à dreeve /driːv/ “drive“
− /eː/ à lear /leːr/ “empty”
− /aː/ à glaade /glaːde/ “glad”
− /ɔː/ à sau /sɔː/ “saw”
− /oː/ à yullou /ˈjeloː/ “yellow”
− /uː/ à stuggoone (FB), stagún (I) = stubborn person
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Sound System: Diphthongs
− /ai/ is often represented by y à ryne, “rain“
dialect of Forth and Bargy tends to lengthen vowels
à waate, “wait”
− /au/ greound “ground”
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Sound System: Short Vowels
− /ɪ/ grip, “sharp pain”
− /ɛ/ dhen, “ten”
− /a/ sankt, “saint”, thet, “that”
− /ɔ/ written with o, vorreat, “forehead”
− /ə/ existence is assumed in the Forth and Bargy dialect
− Vowels before nasal consonants tend to be raised in this dialect
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Sound System: Consonants
− Sibilants: substitution of /s/ by /ʃ/
− Dental to labial shift: brover – brower “brother”
− Dentalisation before /r/
− Exchange of sonorants: /r/ and /n/ shift to /l/
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Accent
− Slow tempo of speech
à lengthening of vowels
− Stress with most polysyllables fell on the final syllable
à lengthening
− Lengthening before r
− Influenced by Anglo-Normans or by dialects of south-eastern
Ireland?
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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Conclusion
− Forth and Bargy are separate from other Irish speaking areas
− Dialect with a very conservative grammatical structure
− Use of Irish loanwords
− Lengthening
− Initial voicing
Source: Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. CambridgeUniversity Press.
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References
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English. History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge University Press.
Language in Ireland (c) Raymond Hickey. Access: https.www.uni-due.de/LI/
Studying Varieties of English (c) Raymond Hickey. Access: https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/ForthAndBargy.gif
Picture map. Access: https://www.stepmap.de/landkarte/grossbritannien-und-irland-125567.png
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References
Sawyer, P.H. 1982. Kings and Vikings. Scandinavia and Europe. AD 700 – 1000. Methuen. London and New York.
Muldoon, James. 2009. The North Atlantic Frontier of Medieval Europe, Vikings and Celts.
Graham, James. 1980. The Vikings. British Museum Publications.
Jones, Gwyn. 1968. A History of the Vikings. Second Edition. Oxford University Press
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References
Di Martino, Vittorio: Roman Ireland, 2003, The Collins Press.
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí: Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169, in: DáibhíÓ Cróinín (Ed.): A new history of Ireland I – Prehistoric and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.
Paul Russel: What was best of every language: The early history of the Irish language, in: Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Ed.): A new history of Ireland I – Prehistoric and early Ireland, 2005, Oxford University Press.