Reformation

Extent of the Roman Empire

Raphael – The Vision of the Cross, 1520

Extent of Roman Christianity – known as Roman Catholicism

Papal States in the Middle Ages

Organisation of Catholic GovernanceThe Pope

Cardinals

Archbishops

Bishop

Priest Priest

Archbishops

Bishop Bishop

Priest

The three orders of medieval society in

Europe

Those who pray

Those who fight

Those who work

Irish Monastic cities – middle ages

Handwritten Latin Bible

Rood Screen

Medieval Catholic Church

Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation

Lutheranism in 16th century Germany• Authority from the Bible alone (rather from an organisation or traditions as

in the Catholic Church).• It is known as a Protestant movement, because it protests against Catholic

traditions.• Salvation from faith alone (rather than from rituals, indulgences or

absolution)• Simplified clergy • Plain, undecorated churches• Forbids worship of Saints, including Virgin Mary• Encourages reading and studying of the Bible

Catholic Church interior

Lutheran Protestant Church

Jean Calvin (Geneva)

Calvinism in 16th Century Switzerland and France• Like Lutheranism, this is a Protestant movement.• Unlike Lutheranism, it proposes five new ideas about humanity: • 1. Total depravity: no one can save himself from sin• 2. Unconditional election: God has already chosen who will go to heaven• 3. Limited atonement: only the elect will be forgiven for their sins.• 4. Irresistable grace: the elect will ‘irresistably’ do the will of God• 5. Perseverence of the elect: only the truly elect will follow God’s path to

the end• French Huguenots also followed the teachings of Jean Calvin.

John Knox: brings Calvinism to Scotland

Calvinist meeting house in Scotland

The Protestant Reformation of England

Catherine of Aragon

Leviticus• 18.16: “You shall not uncover the nakedness of your brother’s wife, it

is his nakedness”• 20.21: “If a man takes his brother’s wife, it is impurity, he has

uncovered his brother’s nakedness, they shall be childless”

Anne Boleyn

Love Letter (14) From Henry to Anne Boleyn (1528)MINE own SWEETHEART, this shall be to advertise you of the great elengeness that I find here since your departing ; for, I ensure youmethinketh the time longer since your departing now last, than I was wont to do a whole fortnight. I think your kindness and my fervency of lovecauseth it ; for, otherwise, I would not have thought it possible that for so little a while it should have grieved me. But now that I am coming to-wards you, methinketh my pains be half removed ; and also I am right wellcomforted in so much that my book maketh substantially for my matter;in looking whereof I have spent above four hours this day, which causeth menow to write the shorter letter to you at this time, because of some pain inmy head; wishing myself (especially an evening) in my sweetheart’s arms,whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly to kiss. Written by the hand of him that was, is, and shall be yours by his ownwill,

H.R.

Act of Supremacy 1534• Henry VIII establishes his own Church. It is called the Church of

England, or the Anglican Church.• Since it rejects the authority of the Catholic Church, like Lutheranism

and Calvinism, it is a Protestant movement.• All citizens must accept the king as the head of their church by law• The Church of England incorporates many of the reforms proposed by

Lutheranism and Calvinism, but also continues many Catholic traditions.• In many ways, then, it is a political rather than a religious break.

Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-1541

The four main religions of of Britain and Ireland by the 19th century

• Catholicism: most people in Ireland remain Catholic• Anglicanism: the state religion of England, it becomes the

official religion of the King and all his subjects after Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy, 1534• Calvinism: this religious movement remains strongest in

Scotland. It rejects Catholic tradition much more strongly than Anglicanism, as well as the idea of clergy hierarchy. • Other Dissenters: Many other Protestant movements grew

up during and after the English Reformation. Their followers were known as Dissenters. These movements were most popular in the Industrial North and in Wales.

Protestant movements

Catholicism in the 18-19th century • Dominated most of Europe, under the authority of the Pope• Maintained traditional pre-Reformation practices: masses, pilgrimages,

transubstantiation etc.• Wealthiest and most powerful institution in Europe• Was supported by most European rulers, emperors, etc. Catholics were thus

considered a security threat in England.• Anti-Catholicism was widespread in Britain, and often reflected more general

xenophobia.• Catholicism was still the majority religion of Ireland• Also had a strong presence among the working class and the poor in England

(many of them Irish immigrants).

Catholics in Ireland before 1829 (worshipping in secret)

Anglicanism (Church of England) in the 19th century

• Rejected the authority of the Pope and Rome• Majority religion in England (and of the colonial elite in Ireland)• This was the State religion, the most powerful religious institution in

Britain.• Most of the nobility and the parliament are Anglicans.• The Monarch is the symbolic head of the Anglican Church (but in

reality the religion is managed by the Archbishop of Canterbury).

Westminster Abbey

Anglican Clergy

Archbishop of Canterbury

Calvinism• Majority religion in Scotland• Denounced hierarchies, religious and social• Denounced all of the old traditions of the Catholic church that are not

mentioned in the Bible.• Considered Anglicanism too close to Catholicism. • Believed in predestination (only the ‘elect’ will be saved).• Rejected Church hierarchies: was governed by councils rather than

bishops.

Other Dissenting Sects in the 19th century• Many small independent movements, which grew throughout the 17th

and 18th centuries.• Include: The Quakers, The Baptists, The Methodists, and the

Congregationalists.• Had a strong presence in Wales, and were often highly politicised.• Many dissenters called for radical reforms in religion and society. The

Quakers called for the abolition of the slave trade, for example; Methodists established institutions of education for the poor.

The Protestant Work EthicUnlike the old Catholic social system, Protestantism – especially Calvinist and Dissenting groups - emphasised new political values:• Individuality (rather than collective class identity)• Aspiration • Self-reliance (rather than reliance on authority/hierarchy)• Investment (rather than charity)• Pride in hard work (rather than seeing work as a punishment)• Belief in constant progress • Belief in radical social change

Bourneville Chocolate Factory

Bourneville Village