ipv6 presentation
DESCRIPTION
IPv6 presentationTRANSCRIPT
Future of Data Communication
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Some Famous Words
“ I think there is a World market of for may be five computers”
- Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM in 1943
“640k ought to be enough for anybody.”- Bill Gates 1981
“32bits should be enough address space for internet”
- Vint Cerf, 1977 ( honorary Chairman of IPv6 Forum 2000)
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Internet Protocol
Transports a datagram from source host to destination, possibly via several intermediate nodes (“routers”)
Service is: Unreliable: Losses, duplicates, out-of-order delivery Best effort: Packets not discarded capriciously, delivery
failure not necessarily reported Connectionless: Each packet is treated independently
What is an IP address?
• Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address.
• An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet.
• The IP address is also known as Protocol address
• The IPv4 address is 32 bits long• The IPv6 address is 128 bit long
Problems of IPv4
Addressing problem Routing Crisis End to End problem Security Mobility Performance Cost
Address Crisis
Routing Crisis
End to End problem
Mobility
Security Problem
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1. Larger address space2. Global reachability3. Flexibility4. Auto-configuration5. Aggregation6. Multi-homing7. Efficient Routing8. Scalability9. Easy Mobility10.Better security
IPv6 Features
IPv6
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No more room in IPv4 Quite empty in IPv6
Larger Address Space
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Global ReachabilityFrom 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:
– Global reachability:
• No hidden networks, hosts
• All hosts can be reachable and be "servers"
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Flexibility
From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:
– Flexibility
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Auto-Configuration
• "Plug and play"
– By autoconfiguration
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Aggregation
• Aggregation
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Multi-homing
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Efficient Routing
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Scalability
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Easy Mobility
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End to End Security
Better Security
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IPv6 Features
TCP/IP and OSI
• OSI is made of seven layers.
• TCP/IP protocol is made of five layers.
PHYSICAL
DATA LINK
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
APPLICATION
PHYSICAL
DATA LINK
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
SESSION
PRESENTATION
APPLICATION
OSI Model TCP/IP Model
Frame Head Trailer
Frame
Data Encapsulation
Data
Data
Data
TCP Header
TCP Segment
UDP Header
UDP Message
TCP-UDP DataIP Header
IP Datagram
IP Header TCP-UDP Data
Application
TPT Layer
NW Layer
Data Link
D
P
N
T
A
TCP/IP Protocol Suite..
ICMP IGMPRARPARP
FTPSMTP
TELNETHTTP
TFTPNFS
SNMPDNS
TCP UDP
IP
Protocols defined by the underlying networks
IPv6 Addressing
• IPv6 addresses
• Format
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Anycast
• Required Node Addresses
• Address Selection
• Addressing Architecture
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Addresses
• IPv4 = 32 bits
• IPv6 = 128 bits– This is not 4 times the number of addresses
– This is 4 times the number of bits
– ~3,4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes
– 1030 addresses per person on the planet
– Well, as with any numbering scheme, we will be using only a
portion of the full address space
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IPv6 Address
IPv6
IPv4: 32 bits or 4 bytes long 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes
• IPv6: 128 bits or 16 bytes• 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes• 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456• 5 * 1028 addresses per person
Address Format
• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x
– Where x is a 16 bits hexadecimal field
• 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:C1C0:ABCD:0876
• Case insensitive
• 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:c1c0:abcd:0876
• Leading zeros in a field are optional:
• 2001:0:1234:0:0:C1C0:ABCD:876
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Address format
• Successive fields of 0 are represented as ::, but only once
in an address:– 2001:0:1234::C1C0:ABCD:876
– Not valid: 2001::1234::C1C0:ABCD:876
• Other examples:– FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => FF02::1
– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1
– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::
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Addresses in URL
• In a URL, it is enclosed in brackets– http://[2001:1:4F3A::206:AE14]:8080/index.html
– URL parsers have to be modified
– Cumbersome for users
• Mostly for diagnostic purposes
• Should use Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)
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Address Types
• Unicast– Unspecified
– Loopback
– Scoped addresses:• Link-local
• Site-local
– Aggregatable Global:
• Multicast– Broadcast: none in IPv6
• Anycast
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Unspecified
• Used as a placeholder when no address available– Initial DHCP request
– Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
• Like 0.0.0.0 in IPv4
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
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Loopback
• Identifies self
• Localhost
• Like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1
• To find if your IPv6 stack works:
– Ping6 ::1
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Link-Local
• Scoped address (new in IPv6)
• Scope = local link (i.e. VLAN, subnet)– Can only be used between nodes of the same link
– Cannot be routed
• Automatically configured on each interface– Uses the interface identifier (based on MAC address)
• Format:– FE80:0:0:0:<interface identifier>
• Gives every node an IPv6 address to start communications
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IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64
IPv6
IPv6 uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)-64 format to do stateless autoconfiguration.This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting “FFFE” into the middle 16 bits.To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local (U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local scope).
Site-Local
• Scoped address
• Scope = site (a network of links)– Can only be used between nodes of the same site
– Cannot be routed outside the site (i.e. the Internet)
– Very similar to IPv4 private addresses
• Not configured by default
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Site-Local
• Format:– FEC0:0:0:<subnet id>:<interface id>
– Subnet id = 16 bits = 64K subnets
• Enables an addressing plan for a full site
• Usage example:– Number a site before connecting to the Internet:
• Do your address plan using site locals and use the renumbering
functions when connecting to the IPv6 Internet
– Private addresses (e.g. local printers)
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Aggregatable Global
• Generic use. Globally reachable.
• Allocated by IANA– To Regional Registries
– Then to Tier-1 Providers• Called Top-level Aggregator (TLA)
– Then to Intermediate Providers• Called Next-level Aggregator (NLA)
– Then to sites
– Then to subnets
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Aggregatable Global• Structure:
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TLA RES NLAs SLA Interface ID TLA RES NLAs SLA Interface ID
48 bits 16 bits 64 bits
• 128 bits as the total• 48 bits prefix to the site• 16 bits for the subnets in the site• 64 bits for host part
Aggregatable Global
• Consists of the following (left to right):– 3 bits: 001 (10% of the total address space reserved)
– 13 bits for the TLA• 213 TLAs ~ 8K TLAs
– 8 bits reserved
– 24 bits for the NLAs• 224 NLAs per TLA ~ 16M NLAs per TLA
– 16 bits for the site subnets• 216 subnets per site = 65536 subnets
– 64 bits for the interface identifier
– Total = 128 bits.
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Multicast
• Multicast = one-to-many
• No broadcast in IPv6. Multicast is used instead, mostly on local links
• Scoped addresses:– Node, link, site, organisation, global
– No TTL as in IPv4
• Format:– FF<flags><scope>::<multicast group>
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Multicast assigned Addresses
• Some reserved multicast addresses:
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Address Scope Use
FF01::1 Interface-local All Nodes
FF01::2 Interface-local All Routers
FF02::1 Link-local All Nodes
FF02::2 Link-local All Routers
FF05::2 Site-local All Routers
FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx Link-local Solicited-Node
Anycast
• One-to-nearest: great for discovery functions
• Anycast addresses are indistinguishable from unicast
addresses– Allocated from the unicast addresses space
– Some anycast addresses are reserved for specific uses
• Few uses:– Router-subnet
– MobileIPv6 home-agent discovery
– discussions for DNS discovery
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Thanks
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GIMEC - CONFIDENTIAL-
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WONDERS WE CAN DO WITH IPV6 !!
IPv6 Applications in Agriculture Industry
IPv6 Applications in Transport System
GIMEC - CONFIDENTIAL-
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IPv6 Applications in UID
GIMEC - CONFIDENTIAL-
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IPv6 Applications Others!!
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Suggested Pilot Projects in Greenfield Applications Rural Emergency Healthcare System Telemedicine Distance Education Power Generation and Distribution Logistics and Supply Chain
Different Ministries, Government Departments and Organizations in Private Sector can come forward to Work on these and similar Pilot
Projects. 54
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Rural Emergency Health Care
Central Co-ordination Contact Center
Rural Emergency Healthcare – Current Process
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Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)
Doctor
Dial 108
Dispatch Officers (DO)
Caller in distress
Ambulances located at strategic places in districts
Ambulancesnearest to callerlocated and guidedto destination
Doctor at Contact
Center and Nurse in
Ambulance co-ordinate
over phone about
patient care
Deficiencies in Today’s – Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario(Communication only by Phone)
•Vital sign information sent on phone - Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc.
•Doctor lacks the ability to see the patient’s visual condition
•Doctor provides Offline Healthcare on phone
•Ambulances manually called and guided over phone to destination
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IPv6 Backbone
Dial 108
Caller in distress
Ambulances located at strategic places in districts
Benefits – IPv6 Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario
Real Time Patient Vital sign information collected by Bio Sensors– Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc,
Patient’s condition is seen in real time Video by Doctor - More effective diagnosis and advice
D.O. locates nearest Ambulance - using GPS Driver reaches destination faster via GPS
Wi-MaxWi-Max
3G3G
Bio-sensors help collect
Vital sign info which istransmitted in real-
timehelping doctor provide
effective healthcare
GPS helps Locate
Ambulance, guides
Ambulance driver
To destinationCentral Co-ordination Contact Center
IPv6 Technologies – Rural Emergency Healthcare
•Bio-Sensors•IPv6 based Real-time Vital signs data transfer
•Seamless Video-Conference•Automatic Vehicular Location System
IPv6 simplifies and enhances Rural Emergency Healthcare
IPV6 Network of Urban and Rural Hospitals
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Hospital Network – Linking Urban & Rural Hospitals
IPv6 Network
IPv6 Network
PHC Rural Health Centre
PHC PHC
URBAN HOSPITAL
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Rural Patient
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Tele Health – Patient Seeking Medical Advice Remotely
Tele-Health Schematic using Mobile Network
Patient Monitoring Team
IPv6
Health Care Provider
Sensors used to collect Patient Condition and Transmitted using mobile
phone
Immediate Feedback
Data Transmitted to
the Medical Server
Analyzed Data Transmitted to Nurse /
Doctor for advice
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3
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Distance Education
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Distance Education
Universalization of Education
Extending Quality Education to Remote and Rural Areas
Partially mitigate non availability of good teachers in sufficient numbers
IPV6
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Power Generation and Distribution
Indian Electricity Scenario
Power Supply Position (MW)
Demand Supplied Shortage %
2005-06 93255 81792 12.3%
2006-07 100715 86818 13.8%
2007-08 108866 90793 16.6%
2008-09 109809 96685 12%
AT&C (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses) ~ 33%
Objectives - APDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme
of the GoI – Funded through PFC)
Sustained Loss Reduction
Reliable and Automated systems for collection of accurate Base Line Data
Adopting IT for energy accounting
Today’s Scenario
Electricity grid is “DUMB"
Workers have to walk from house to house to read the electricity meter
Utilities have no clue of power outage until customers call to complain.
Tomorrow’s Scenario ?The electricity grid is “SMART” enough for –
Remote collection of data – fully sensor based network
Automatic load balancing, DSM and transfer of power from one region
to another
Automatic detection of outages
Flexible metering
What will make it possible ? IPv6
Smartgrid Schematic
Bidirectional, Intelligent Network
Using IPv6 for Smart grid Services
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Automatic meter Reading using sensors
Business Analysis Analyze usage data to make decisions
Energy Management Services
Grid monitoring and management
Demand Side management Remote management of energy demand, Load balancing
Distribution automation Optimize performance of Transmission and Distribution assets
Remote equipment Monitoring
Ease of fault detection, maintenance
Telecommunications Can be provided as a service using the power line infrastructure
IPv6 in Railways
IPv6 in RailwaysHow can Railways benefit from IPv6 deployment ?
Railways handles India’s largest supply chain consisting of wagons, bogies, engines, processing centers, point of sale
terminals , millions of parcel objects each day
IPv6
Addressability
Scalable Internet Platform
Connectivity
Service Automation
Vision for Railways / Railtel
Highly optimized supply chain based on IP technology (IPv6)
Very large scale telemetry and sensor network enhancing railway safety (enabled by IPv6)
Railtel as an ISP (Broadband subscribers on IPv6)
NetCentric Warfare for Defence
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Operational Processes and Effectiveness
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Impact on Missions and Functions
Advantages of NCW
• Power is increasingly derived from information sharing, information access and speed
• Networked forces can be smaller in size
When the forces are well connected they can spread out over a larger area
thus reducing the chances of fatal incidents wiping out the entire troop at
the same time
•When one unit gets into trouble other units can quickly come to its aid
• Difficult for enemy to attack a spread out formation
• Fewer troops, lesser equipment – cheaper warfare
• Sensor based networks – on-site analysis of intelligence data obtained through sensors – quicker decision making in the battlefield
Intelligent Information Network
IPv6 based Intelligent
information Network
Net Ready Nodes
Net Ready Nodes
Net Ready Nodes
Weapons
Forces
Communication Platform
Communication Platform
Thank You
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