199techlab.bu.edu/files/resources/articles_cns/gro1978jmathpsych.pdf · io\.":t \l of...

11
io\.":t \L OF :'I.'THE:'I.-\TIC'AL PSYCHOLOGY 17, 199-':'19 (!978) Behavioral Contrast in Short Term Memory: Serial Binary Memory Models or Parallel Continuous Memory Models? STEPHEX GROSSBERGl Department of .iYathematics, Boston L'niv.'rsity, Boston, .lYus;a,-h!lsetts 02215 This paper de"elops a model ,,"herein ST",'l primacy as ,veil as recenc~' effects can occur. The ST",I primacy effects can be used to generate correct immediate recall of short lists that have not been coded in LT:\1. The properties of the model are interpreted in terms of explicit nel:ral mechanisms. The STM primacy effect is a behavioral contrast effect that is analogous to the behavioral contrast that can occur during discrimination lear:-Jng. The adaptaticnal mechanism that &ccounts for these effects is al50 implicated in data on reaction time, retinal &daptation, ratio scalesin choice beha,ior, and vor. P.estorff- t)'Pe effects. Its ubiquitous appearance is due to the fact that it solves a univers2l problem concc~n;ng the parallel processing of patterned data b:.. noisy cells ,vith finitely many excitable sites. It is argued that the STM primacy effect is not measured in interferenc~ experiments becausc it is masked b~. compe:itive ST",i interactions. Thesc competitive interactions do not prevent the L T~I p~.macy effect from influencing performance. The paper crit:cizes recent models of S1'l\I that use computer analogies to justify binal")' codes, serial ST~I buffers, and serial scanning procedures. Several deficiencies of serial models in dealing with psychological and neural proc~sing are overcome by a model in ..vhich continuous STM activities and parallel real-time operations play an important role. 1. I~"TRODUCTION: SERIAL .-\.'.:D BI:-' :aY MEMORY PROCESSES OR P .\R.A.LLF:'- fu"'-"D CONTINUOUS MEMORY PROCESSES? A great deal of experimental and theoretical work (e.g., Melton & Martin, 1972 Restle, et al., 1975; Tulving & Donaldson, 1972) has been done on problems; relating to how learning subjects store data in shoTt-term memof)' (STl\I) before it is transcribed i:lto long-term memory (L T:i!iI) or other\vise transformed. :\-rany experimental findings have been interpreted, either explicitly or implicitl)", in terms of computer-like constructs, such as binary codes (.o\l1derson& Bo\ver, 1974; Atkinson & Shiifrin, 1968), serial buffers (.-\tkinson & Shiffrin,1968), and serial scanning procedures (Sternberg, 1966). This paper suggests that the computer analogy has led to several basic difficulties. It also suggests an alternative theor}' to explain ho\," order information in STM e,oi,es in real time. This theory predicts a new experimental phenomenon, behavioral contrast in time, ~.nalogous to the phenomenon of behavioral contrast in space that occurs during discrimination learning (Bloomfield, 1969), and explains both pheno-'mer.a using collective properties of \vell-kno\\"I1 neural mechanisms. The theof)' is 1 Supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF MCS 77-01958). 199 0022-2496!78jO173-Q199S0.:?.OOiO Copyright ;'C, 1978 by Acade:nic Press,Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form resen.ed.

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Page 1: 199techlab.bu.edu/files/resources/articles_cns/Gro1978JMathPsych.pdf · io\.":t \L OF :'I.'THE:'I.-\TIC'AL PSYCHOLOGY 17, 199-':'19 (!978) Behavioral Contrast in Short Term Memory:

io\.":t \L OF :'I.'THE:'I.-\TIC'AL PSYCHOLOGY 17, 199-':'19 (!978)

Behavioral Contrast in Short Term Memory:

Serial Binary Memory Models or Parallel Continuous Memory Models?

STEPHEX GROSSBERGl

Department of .iYathematics, Boston L'niv.'rsity, Boston, .lYus;a,-h!lsetts 02215

This paper de"elops a model ,,"herein ST",'l primacy as ,veil as recenc~' effects canoccur. The ST",I primacy effects can be used to generate correct immediate recall of shortlists that have not been coded in LT:\1. The properties of the model are interpreted interms of explicit nel:ral mechanisms. The STM primacy effect is a behavioral contrasteffect that is analogous to the behavioral contrast that can occur during discriminationlear:-Jng. The adaptaticnal mechanism that &ccounts for these effects is al50 implicated indata on reaction time, retinal &daptation, ratio scales in choice beha,ior, and vor. P.estorff-t)'Pe effects. Its ubiquitous appearance is due to the fact that it solves a univers2l problemconcc~n;ng the parallel processing of patterned data b:.. noisy cells ,vith finitely manyexcitable sites. It is argued that the STM primacy effect is not measured in interferenc~experiments becausc it is masked b~. compe:itive ST",i interactions. Thesc competitiveinteractions do not prevent the L T~I p~.macy effect from influencing performance. Thepaper crit:cizes recent models of S1'l\I that use computer analogies to justify binal")' codes,serial ST~I buffers, and serial scanning procedures. Several deficiencies of serial modelsin dealing with psychological and neural proc~sing are overcome by a model in ..vhichcontinuous STM activities and parallel real-time operations play an important role.

1. I~"TRODUCTION: SERIAL .-\.'.:D BI:-' :aY MEMORY PROCESSES OR P .\R.A.LLF:'- fu"'-"D

CONTINUOUS MEMORY PROCESSES?

A great deal of experimental and theoretical work (e.g., Melton & Martin, 1972Restle, et al., 1975; Tulving & Donaldson, 1972) has been done on problems;relating to how learning subjects store data in shoTt-term memof)' (STl\I) before itis transcribed i:lto long-term memory (L T:i!iI) or other\vise transformed. :\-rany

experimental findings have been interpreted, either explicitly or implicitl)", in terms ofcomputer-like constructs, such as binary codes (.o\l1derson & Bo\ver, 1974; Atkinson& Shiifrin, 1968), serial buffers (.-\tkinson & Shiffrin,1968), and serial scanning procedures

(Sternberg, 1966). This paper suggests that the computer analogy has led to severalbasic difficulties. It also suggests an alternative theor}' to explain ho\," order informationin STM e,oi,es in real time. This theory predicts a new experimental phenomenon,

behavioral contrast in time, ~.nalogous to the phenomenon of behavioral contrast in spacethat occurs during discrimination learning (Bloomfield, 1969), and explains both pheno-'mer.a

using collective properties of \vell-kno\\"I1 neural mechanisms. The theof)' is

1 Supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF MCS 77-01958).

1990022-2496!78jO173-Q199S0.:?.OOiO

Copyright ;'C, 1978 by Acade:nic Press, Inc.All rights of reproduction in any form resen.ed.

Page 2: 199techlab.bu.edu/files/resources/articles_cns/Gro1978JMathPsych.pdf · io\.":t \L OF :'I.'THE:'I.-\TIC'AL PSYCHOLOGY 17, 199-':'19 (!978) Behavioral Contrast in Short Term Memory:

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