iom #publications - #fataljourneys - tracking lives lost during #migration (2014)
DESCRIPTION
This IOM publication provides a study of migration-related deaths and presents humanitarian recommendations for countering the problem.TRANSCRIPT
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Fatal JourneysTracking Lives Lost
during Migration
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
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3
Table of Contents
7
11
Chapter 1
32
Chapter 2
73
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
132133137
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Chapter 5
Chapter 6 177177
Table of Contents
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Foreword
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William Lacy Swing
Foreword
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Acknowledgements
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List of Tables and Figures
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List of Tables and Figures
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Executive Summary
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1.1 Introduction
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Migrant Deaths: An International OverviewChapter 1
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1.2 International policy context and geography of deaths
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3 ;
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1.3 How many have died? Statistics on migrant border-related fatalities
Figure 1.1: Migrant border-related deaths around the world, January–September 2014a
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1.3.1 Challenges concerning comparability
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Where are deaths occurring?
Figure 1.2: Regions in which migrant deaths occurred, 2014
Mediterranean
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Africa
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South-East Asia and Australia
Central and North America
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Table 1.1
Region Number of deaths
Years Source
1.3.2 Who is most at risk?
Origin of migrants
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Figure 1.3: Deaths by migrants’ region of origin, 2014
si
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Figure 1.4: Deaths in the Mediterranean by migrants’ region of origin, 2014
30%
30%
29%
11%
0%
MENA
Sub-Saharan Africa
Not speci ed/Unknown
Horn of Africa
South Asia
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Sex of migrants and other basic data
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Figure 1.5globally, 2014
3% 1%
96%
Male
Female
Not speci ed/Unknown
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1.4 Challenges of collecting data on migrant deaths
1.4.1 Invisibility
1.4.2 Remote topography and challenging environments
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1.4.3 Missing information
1.4.4 Involvement of criminal actors
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1.5 Who collects the data?
1.5.1 The media as a source of data
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1.6 Keeping count: Why we need better data
1.6.1 Greater accountability and action
1.6.2 More accurate determination of causes and effective response
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1.6.3 Respect for the dead and greater closure for families
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1.7 Way forward: Better monitoring, data collection and analysis
1.7.1 Who should be counting?
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1.8 Outline and chapter overviews
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Bibliography
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1 2
2.1 Introduction
3
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Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)Chapter 2
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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2.2 Historical and geographical overview
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.1south-western border
2.2.1 Demographics
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2.2.2 Routes and risks: United States–Mexico border
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.2.3 Routes and risks: Within Mexico
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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2.3 Estimated number of migrant fatalities
2.3.1 United States
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.2
0
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0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
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1,800,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013US Border Patrol deaths South-western apprehensions
Mig
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Figure 2.3
0
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1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Mig
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.4
California
0
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200
300
400
500
600
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013San Diego, CAEl Centro, CAYuma, AZ-CA
Tucson, AZEl Paso, TX-NMBig Bend, TX
Del Rio, TXLaredo, TXRio Grande Valley, TX
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Figure 2.5
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1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
ber o
f dea
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Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (San Diego and El Centro Sectors)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Arizona
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Figure 2.6Examiner in Tucson, Arizona
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.7
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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
ber o
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Table 2.1
Country of origin Number
2111
1
77
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Texas
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Comparisons across California, Arizona and Texas
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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
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California Arizona Texas
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.10
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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Rem
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2.3.2 Mexico
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.4 Record keeping and limitations to existing counts
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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2.5 Conclusion and recommendations
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Bibliography
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
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Tracking Deaths in the MediterraneanChapter 3
1 2
3.1 Introduction
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
3.2 Brief historical and geographical overview
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Figure 3.1
2013
3
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Figure 3.2
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Western Balkan routeOther routes
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, ,
Figure 3.3
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
5
6
, , , , ,
3.3 Risks associated with unauthorized travel
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,,
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
, ,
3.4 How many die? Existing data and its quality
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Figure 3.4
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UNITED Fortress Europe
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
•
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Figure 3.5
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UNITED Fortress Europe APDHA Carling (2007) Kiza (2008)
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3.5 Methods and sources for a more accurate and comprehensive count
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,
•
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.,
3.6 Conclusions and recommendations
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Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Bibliography
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Crossing the Mediterranean
country or to bring his family to Libya, Louay Khalid planned his crossing to
2013.18
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1 2
4.1 Introduction
3
*
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2
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From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the WayChapter 4
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Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
Figure 4.1: Migratory routes from Sub-Saharan Africa
4.2 Brief historical and geographical background: The migration context
4.2.1 Similarities and differences between the two routes
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4.2.2 Key drivers
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4.2.3 West and Central Africa context
West Africa
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•
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Central Africa
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4.2.4 East Africa and the Horn of Africa context
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4.3 Calculating deaths
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4.3.1 Smuggling: The protection-free underworld
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4.3.2 Special case of commoditization and victimization of Eritreans
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4.3.3 Libya: No protection16
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4.3.4 Dying to migrate north
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Death in the desert crossing
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Death in the sea crossing
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4.4 Conclusions: Methodological challenges and information gaps
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Bibliography
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Death in the desert
turned out to be much harsher than she had expected, and she saw many die 23
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Figure 5.1: Migratory routes in the Horn of Africa
5.1 Introduction
*
1
Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South AfricaChapter 5
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.2 Brief historical and geographical background: The migration context
5.2.1 The Ethiopian exodus
2
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.2.2 The Eritrean exodus
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5.2.3 The Somali exodus
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5.2.4 Somaliland
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5.3 Calculating deaths
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5.3.1 Death from physical hardship
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Death in the desert
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Death on the road
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Table 5.1: Migrants recorded as dead or missing at sea, from 2006 to May 2014
Year Number recorded as dead or missing at sea
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Death from “natural causes” including illness, suicide and general debilitation
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5.3.2 Death as stranded migrants
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5.3.3 Death due to malicious neglect or abusive practices when smuggled
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other criminals
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death from en route banditry
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Death by organ removal
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5.3.4 Death of labour migrants
5.4 Methodological challenges and information gaps
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Bibliography
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Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Journey of hope
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6.1 Importance of counting migrant deaths
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Counting and Accounting for Deaths of Asylum-seekers en Route to AustraliaChapter 6
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6.2 Illegalized journeys to Australia by boat
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Figure 6.1
Figure 6. 2
0
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Figure 6.3: Migrant smuggling routes to Australia
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6.3 Data sources and information gaps
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6.4 What we know and do not know about deaths en route to Australia
6.4.1 How many people die?
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Table 6.1: Known deaths related to Australian border controls, January 2000–July 2014
Circumstances Deaths
171 11 31 2
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3 2
Total
Figure 6.4January 2000–July 2014
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6.4.2 Origins of those who died
Figure 6.5January 2000–July 2014
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Figure 6.6January 2000–July 2014
6.4.3 Cause of death
Not known, 84, 6%
South-East Asia/Oceania,
216, 15%
164, 11%Middle East,
981, 68%
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6.4.4 Age and sex
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Figure 6.7sex, January 2000–May 2014
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6.5 A chronology of counting
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6.5.2 Recovering bodies and identifying the dead
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6.5.3 Conduct of coronial inquiries
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6.5.4 Inclusion of border-related deaths in national deaths in custody statistics
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6.6 Improving data and saving lives
6.6.1 Conclusions: Counting and accounting for deaths
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6.6.2 Recommendations
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Bibliography
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.
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A sinking ship
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Annex
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