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1 Inventory Profile Modeling Inventory Profile Modeling Technique—An Electronics Supply Chain Success Story D ilHi 1 DanielHui Senior Manager, Global SCM Operations Celestica Inc. Daniel Hui, CPIM, CSCP, P.Eng., B.Sc.(Eng), MBA ` Senior Manager, Global SCM Operations, Celestica Inc. d ( ) ` APICS Recognized Instructor, CPIM (Master) ` APICS Toronto Chapter Board Member 19952003, VP Education 19992001 ` 30+ years experience with Fortune Global 500 companies, in Manufacturing, SCM, Operations, Logistics, Strategic Management 2

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Page 1: Inventory Profile Modeling TechniqueAn Electronics Supply ...media.apics.org/sites/AnnualConference2012/handouts/Foundations_in... · Technique—An Electronics Supply Chain Success

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Inventory Profile ModelingInventory Profile Modeling Technique—An Electronics Supply Chain Success Story

D i l H i

1

Daniel Hui Senior Manager, Global SCM Operations

Celestica Inc.

Daniel Hui, CPIM, CSCP, P.Eng., B.Sc.(Eng), MBA

Senior Manager, Global SCM Operations, Celestica Inc.

d ( )APICS Recognized Instructor, CPIM (Master)APICS Toronto Chapter Board Member 1995‐2003, VP Education 1999‐200130+ years experience with Fortune Global 500 companies, in Manufacturing,  SCM, Operations, Logistics, Strategic Management

2

p , g , g g

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Agenda• Introduction • Complete Transformation of the Supply Chain p pp y‐ Project Firefox

• Inventory Profile Modeling Technique • Concepts and approaches• Demo: building an inventory profile model

3

g y p• Lessons learned

Celestica: Who we are• Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) Industry• Dedicated to building solid partnerships and providing flexible solutions to 

enable our customers’ success• Our customers are primarily Tier 1 OEM Companies• Through our strategic global footprint, Celestica provides customers with 

end‐to‐end supply chain solutions

4

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Challenges of the electronics supply chain

• Short product life cycles• Volatility in demand and supply• Frequent engineering changes (high obsolescence risks)

• Falling commodity prices (high obsolescence costs)

l b l b l ( d d l d )

5

• Supply base globalization (extended lead time)

Complete SCM TransformationProject FireFox

• In 2006, our senior leadership team commissioned Project FireFox to– Re‐design and transform the SCM organization– Change the culture– Deliver breakthrough operational and financial results

– Improve processes and strategic business systems 

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p p g yarchitecture

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Our Results• Inventory Turn Performance: 

– Produced a milestone historical 9.7 turn quarter – #1 amongst our industry peers– Sustained inventory performance

• Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) Improvement:– From 2% in Q1 2007 to 29.5% in Q4 2010

• Flexibility Improvement: 

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– from 37% in Q1 2007 to 58% in Q4 2010

Celestica received the Supply Chain Council’s 2011 Operations Excellence Award (Americas Region) for Project FireFox

Inventory optimization in a multi‐echelon supply chain

• Integral to the Project FireFox was to devise a method to determine the desired level of inventory yto deliver both customer service and operations efficiency

• No longer can we allow inventory levels be optimized locally by applying local inventory policies 

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without understanding the impact on the entire supply chain

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Our approach• Adopted a holistic approach to determine the overall inventory level in the entire supply chain for each customer program

• An Inventory Profile Model and related management processes were developed / enhanced:– Map the supply chain network to understand dependencies– Identify constraints– Zero‐based thinking

• Apply optimal planning polices and parameters

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• Apply optimal planning polices and parameters– S&OP process – managing profile gaps– Technology solutions to enhance supply chain visibility– Invest in people ‐ training

Traditional Inventory ManagementLocally Focused

Issues with traditional inventory management in a multi‐echelon network:– Inventory policies are determined independently at each node, 

generating excess inventory, e.g. multiple buffers at different nodes

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– Limited or no demand visibility upstream or downstream– Bullwhip effect amplifies the demand variability– Poor service due to sub‐optimization 

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Multi‐Echelon Inventory Management –Holistic approach to global inventory optimization

1 Global inventory target

Objective of Inventory Profile Modeling Technique

2 ‐Map SC Network‐ Understand dependenciesEliminate multiple independent forecasts

Raw MaterialSuppliers

Sub‐Asy Plants

Logistics & Transportation

Providers

Final Asy site

DistributionOutbound Hub

Customers End UsersTier 1

Tier 2Tier 3

1111

Supply Variability Demand Variability

‐ Eliminate multiple independent forecasts

3 Optimize Inventory investment

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Inventory profiling basics

An inventory profile provides a picture of where inventory is tied up and how long inventory dwells(Days of Supply (DOS)) at different parts of the supply ( y pp y ( )) p pp ychain – from end‐to‐end

Visibility ‐Make inventory profiles and performance gaps visible

I t fil d t t t t d i i t

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Inventory profiles and targets are stated in inventory days of supply (DOS) – NOT inventory dollars

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How much inventory (in DOS) in the supply chain do we need to make a product and make the planned profit?

• If there are no constraints (in a perfect world)

Inventory profiling basics

If there are no constraints (in a perfect world)This is The Optimal Profile

• How much inventory is planned?This is The Plan Profile

• How much inventory (days of supply) do we have now?h h l f l

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This is The Actual Profile• What are the gaps? And how do we close the gaps? 

Sample actual supply chain‐ Inventory profileHigh level view

Whse Factory In‐transit FG FG

7D

40D6D

14D

SC1:  Plant 1 – DC– Customer location 140+7+6+14 = 67d

SC2:  Plant 1 – Plant 2 – DC(40+7+6)*0.25+36+5+3+14 = 71d

40D

Plant 1

5D

50D

5D

36D

Plant 2

3D6D

6D

FGDC/Hub Customers Location 1

14

( )SC3:  Plant 2 – DC

50+5+6+14 = 75DSC4:  Plant 3 – DC

42+3 = 45d

Plant 2

Plant 342D

3DCustomersLocation 2

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• Take SC1 – the inventory profile shows there is inventory equivalent to 67 DOS tied up in the supply chain– Majority of the inventory is tied up as RM / WIP (47 days of supply) 

Sample actual supply chain – Inventory profile

at the plant

• Is 67 DOS good or bad?

Whse – RM Factory In‐Transit Hub / DC Customer

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Total 67 DOS of inventory

Whse – RM40 DOS

Factory7 DOS 6 DOS

Hub / DC14 DOS

Customer

Sample actual supply chain inventory profile ‐Plant level view

6 DOS

Total Whse Inv = 40 DOS

Whse – A items

Total WIP Inv = 7 DOS

10 DOS

16 DOS

7 DOS

Whse – B items

Whse – C items

Whse – non‐performing  Quality Inspection1 DOS

Staging/queue1 DOS

Manufacturing1 DOS

Rework Inv2 DOS

Packaging FG waiting for 

Shipping

16

1DOS

inv

Whse – inv awaiting QC/reciept

1 DOS 1 DOS shipping1 DOS

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Sample actual supply chain inventory profile ‐In‐transit view

Total In‐Transit Inventory = 6 DOS

Weather / Other Delays1 DOS

Wait  at Terminal1 DOS

Air Shipment1 DOS

Custom clearance1 DOS

Wait  at Terminal1 DOS

LocalDelivery1 DOS

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Inventory ProfilesOptimal, the Plan and the Actual

Whse – RM16 DOS

Factory4 DOS

In‐Transit4 DOS

Hub / DC10 DOS

Customer

Optimal profile  = 34 DOS of inventory

Planned Profile = 46 DOS of inventory

Whse – RM24 DOS

Factory5 DOS

In‐Transit5 DOS

Hub / DC12 DOS

Customer

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Actual Profile = 67 DOS of inventory

Whse – RM40 DOS

Factory7 DOS

In‐Transit6 DOS

Hub / DC14 DOS

Customer

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Optimal profile

Optimal profile  = 34 DOS of inventory

Whse – RM16 DOS

Factory4 DOS

In‐Transit4 DOS

Hub / DC10 DOS

Customer

Optimal inventory profileZero‐based planHow much inventory is required if program run in a ‘perfect world’, free of constraints

I l d ‘ ll bl ’ ‘ t bl ’ ti l

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Includes ‘allowable’ or ‘acceptable’ non‐optimal elements, e.g. non‐performing inventory

Plan profile

Whse – RM24 DOS

Factory5 DOS

In‐Transit5 DOS

Hub / DC12 DOS

Customer

Plan profile the conditions under which the business planned to operate to achieve the profit objectives

Includes certain non‐optimal elements (i.e. hard constraints that are part of the system or part of the

Planned Profile = 46 DOS of inventory

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constraints that are part of the system or part of the contract)Pricing ‐ should cover all costs for operating under the sub‐optimal conditions

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Actual Profile

A l P fil 67 DOS f i

Whse – RM40 DOS

Factory7 DOS

In‐Transit6 DOS

Hub / DC14 DOS

Customer

The profile that is actually realized. Measure and manage the gaps to the Plan Profile

Locate the gaps are and have action plan to closeTh b t th Pl P fil d th A t l

Actual Profile = 67 DOS of inventory

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The gaps between the Plan Profile and the Actual Profile are made up of “non‐optimal” elements or “wastes”

2360

70

80 Inventory Profiles67

Inventory ProfilesOptimal, the Plan and the Actual

34 34 34 30

14 14

23

10

20

30

40

50 46

34

30

22

0Actual Profile Plan Profile Optimal Profile Long term goal profile

Optimal Non-Optimal (Hard constraints) Non-optimal (Controllable)

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Optimal Inventory Profile ElementsFactory Execution

Store to Manufacturing Manufacturing Operations

Kitting / staging Assembly

QC / Test / Inspection Pack and ShipQC / Test / Inspection Pack and Ship

SCM Execution

Planning parameters / Order Policy

Contractual buffers / safety stock

MPS/MRP compliance VMI penetration

Economic MOQ/Lot size Allowable non‐performing  

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inventoryCustomer Service

Planned / contractual inventory Safety stock based on planned forecast accuracy

Lean replenishment

How much raw material do we need in the warehouse?Order Policies (period coverage, n days demand)

A 7 DOS, B 14 DOS, C 28 DOS

Average Inv – A 3.5 DOS, B 7 DOS, C 14 DOS

Assuming ABC profile follows 80‐15‐5 rule Average inventoryAssuming ABC profile follows 80 15 5 rule

Total Average Inventory = weighted avg = 4.6 DOS

Reality is we have a lot more…

MOQ/Lot sizes

Critical parts shorts (load and chase)

I t it

Average inventory 

= (Q / 2)

24

In‐transit

Non‐performing inventory

Buffers…..etc.

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Inventory required in factory

1. Inventory is tied up in the factory as WIP inventory during the manufacturing lead time 

2. Reality is WIP inventory DOS is much higher than manufacturing lead2. Reality is WIP inventory DOS is much higher than manufacturing lead time• Non‐conforming material (NCM)• Re‐work (e.g. customer returns)• Scrap / yield• Aged WIP (work orders not closed after 30 days since build start 

date)• Excess sub‐assembly buffer

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Excess sub assembly buffer– by contract– to facilitate final assembly schedule

Inventory required for customer service1. Finished goods inventory are kept to ensure short delivery 

lead time, provide best‐in‐class customer service and deliver our OTD‐commit

2. Amount of FG holding depends on the trade terms, e.g. ExW, FOB

3. Reality is we normally have much more FG than required

• Forecast Accuracy, Transportation costs…etc

4 If the output of modules (e g PCA sub‐assemblies) from one

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4. If the output of modules (e.g. PCA, sub‐assemblies) from one plant feeds into the FG Assembly operation at another plant

• we have a multi‐echelon supply chain 

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Demo – Putting it all together

1. Create an optimal profile – PCBA module CCustomer

2. Create a plan profile which include hard constraints

3. A sample actual profile showing the performance gaps

DemoMicrosoft Excel

Worksheet

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Sample inventory profile report

Customers Inv $ DOS Inv $ DOS Inv $ DOS Inv $ DOS Inv $ DOS

A $96.0 46 $23.0 11 $3.0 1 $11.0 5 $133.0 63

B $15.0 15 $12.0 12 $1.0 1 $28.0 28

C $48.0 43 $15.0 13 $2.5 2 $65.5 58

Warehouse Inv Factory Inv In‐Plant FG Hub / DC Inv Total Inv

C $ $ $ $

D $13.0 31 $2.0 4 $1.0 2 $3.0 6 $19.0 43

E $24.0 39 $7.5 13 $0.7 1 $32.2 53

F $18.5 43 $1.5 3 $6.0 14 $26.0 60

G $34.7 47 $8.5 12 $2.1 3 $6.0 8 $51.3 70

H $58.0 81 $12.0 16 $12.0 16 $82.0 113

I $86.0 55 $14.0 9 $23.0 15 $2.4 2 $125.4 81

J $101.0 53 $34.0 18 $12.0 6 $32.0 17 $179.0 94

Total

28

Total Company

$494.2 44.2 $129.5 11.6 $63.3 5.7 $54.4 4.9 $741.4 66.3

Plan Profile

34 5 2 3 44

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Non‐optimal Profile Elements Factory ExecutionCost of quality Re‐workProduct return Aged WIPScrap / Yield Excessive wait time

SCM ExecutionBOM errors MRP non‐complianceComponent shortages(Load and chase)

Supply market constraint

Unplanned schedule changes Outdated planning parametersExcessive MOQ vs. order policy Excessive non‐performing Inv

2929

Q p y p g

Customer ServiceExcessive transportation lot size Buffer inventory in excess of 

contract / policyPoor forecast accuracy (customer not pulling as planned)

Excessive in‐transit wait time

Non‐optimal DOS ‐ some examples

• Poor forecast accuracy• In‐transit lot size too high (taking 

advantage of FTL/FCL freight rate)• Excessive SSDC / HUB

• Transportation lead time (vs. costs) – trade offs• Unable to change to lean / VMI pull• Unfavourable  trade terms• Excessive wait time

• BOM errors

• Quality issues (re‐works, scraps)• Unplanned schedule changes• Poor inventory accuracy that lengthens the 

kitting/staging time

• Waiting for transportation

FACTORY

FG

IN‐TRANSIT

• Failure to comply with MRP action messages• Min. Order Qty too high (quantity discounts !)• Shortages / Supply constraints• Dock‐to‐stock process (2 hours or 7 days?)• Forecast accuracy• Planning parameters poorly maintainedWHSE

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Inventory improvement opportunitiesWhere do we look?

1. Create inventory profiles where and how much inventory should be at each stage of the supply chain, in terms of DOS

– If there are no constraints (in a perfect world) – the– If there are no constraints (in a perfect world) – the optimum profile.

– This is the ultimate goal– The way it should be, i.e. the way you plan it – This is the 

plan profile

2.Measure and report continuously the actual profile

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2.Measure and report continuously the actual profile

3. The inventory DOS gaps between the actual profile and the plan profile identify improvement opportunities

Lessons Learned‐ Profits / cash flow vs. customer service

How much inventory do you need to deliver both profit and service?

MarketDemand

Logistics & Fi l A it

DistributionOutbound Hub

Customers End Tier 1 Logistics &Logistics & Fi l A itFi l A it

DistributionOutbound Hub

DistributionOutbound Hub

CustomersCustomers End End Tier 1

• The supply chain should be designed – To allow market demand pull inventory through the supply chain– To be agile and synchronized as demand changes

• Set holistic inventory profile target – Target is constant if stated in DOSI i h d d h i h h

Raw MaterialSuppliers

Sub-AsyPlants

Logistics & Transportation

Providers

Final Asy site Users

Tier 2Tier 3

Raw MaterialSuppliers

Sub-AsyPlants

Sub-AsyPlants

Logistics & Transportation

Providers

Logistics & Transportation

Providers

Final Asy siteFinal Asy site UsersUsers

Tier 2Tier 3

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– Irrespective how demand changes in the short term– Inventory $ target level should be dynamically adjusted as demand 

changes

Actively manage and adjust the inventory profile to synchronize supply and demand

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Thank you

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