introspective research
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Introspective Research
Lulud Oktaviani
Nicko Putra W.
Novian Zaini
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Definition
• Examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings. (Schultz: 2012)
• The process of observing and reflecting on one’s thought, feelings, motives, reasoning processes, and mental states with a view to determining the ways in which these processes and states determine our behavior. (Nunan, 1992:115)
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Methods
Verbal Reports
• Think-Aloud
• Retrospective
Diary Studies
In general, introspective method is divided into two categories
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Definition of Verbal Report
• Oral records of thoughts, provided by subjects when thinking aloud during or immediately after completing a task.
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Types of Verbal Reports
• Think Aloud• Asking learners to verbalize their thought
processes while they are involved in processing language, typically reading a text or writing an essay
• Retrospective• Learners verbalize their thought processes
immediately after they process the language
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Principles of Verbal Reports
1. Time intervening between mental operations and report is critical and should be minimized as much as possible;
2. Verbalization places additional cognitive demands on mental processing that requires care in order to achieve insightful results;
3. Verbal reports of mental processes should avoid the usual social conventions of talking to someone;
4. There is a lot of information in introspective reports aside from the words themselves. Researchers need to be aware of these parallel signal systems and be prepared to include them in their analyses;
5. Verbal reports of automatic processes are not possible. Such processes include visual and motor processes and low-attention, automatized linguistic processes such as the social chat of native speakers.
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Procedures of Verbal Reports
• Provide students with a practice activity
• Give simple directions
• Be as unobtrusive as possible
• Ask students to report their thought processes at particular points
• Don’t ask leading questions
• Record the session
• Pay attention to students’ nonverbal behavior
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Data Analysis
• Transcribe the data
• Segment the transcript into thought units
• Code each unit
• Use inter-rater reliability when coding the data.
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Diary Studies
• Diary study is an account of a second language experience as recorded in a first-person journal; the diariests may be a language teacher or a language learner.
Main Characteristics:
• they are introspective; the diarist studies his own teaching and learning.
• the diarist can report on affective factors, language learning experience which are normally hidden or largely inaccessible to an external observer
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Procedures In Conducting Diary Studies
• Providing an account of personal language learning or teaching history.
• Recording events, details, and feelings about the current language experience in the diary.
• Revising the journal entries, looking for patterns and significant events.
• Identifying important factors to the language learning or teaching experience are interpreted and discussed int he final diary study.
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Benefits
• Providing information aboutl L2 learners and teacher and their perspectives on the affective and instructional factors thata affect L2 learning and teaching.
• Allowing researchers to see factors identified by teachers and learners
• Being a vehicle for data triangulation.
• The data collection process itself is more accessible in that it is ’low-tech, ‘portable’ and ‘trainable’.