introduction to the multinational time use study jonathan gershuny centre for time use research...
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Introduction to the Multinational Time Use Study
Jonathan Gershuny
Centre for Time Use Research
Department of Sociology
University of Oxford
Introduction to the MTUS
–Diary materials
–Time budgets
–Sequence day graphs
–Multidimensional recording
–Many countries, many decades
–Eg: regime differences.
Measuring daily activity
• Activity log– Prospective: register each instance
• Schedule– Retrospective, enter on time-line
• Diary– Continuous record, sequential account– Either retro (“yesterday diary”)– Or prospective (“tomorrow”), 1 to 7 days
Diary variations
• Fields:– Main activity, other activities
• Either pre-coded (“light”) or own words (“heavy”)
– Co-presence, beneficiaries,– Location, means of transport– Affects and evaluations
• Analytic frameworks:– Time budgets—aggregate durations– Event histories, activity sequences
men aged 25-44, Sundays, 1961
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
men aged 25-44, Sundays, 2001
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
women aged 25-44, Sundays, 2001
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
women aged 25-45, Sunday, 1961
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% other home leisure
tv, radio, video
eating at home
sleeping/personal
leisure out of home
shopping, travel
work in/around home
work out of home
women with young children, primary childcare
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4am 9am 2pm 7pm 12pm
other home leisure
talking
tv and radio
out of home leisure
personal care
primary childcare only
unpaid work
paid work
women with young children, primary,secondary
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4am 9am 2pm 7pm 12pm
other home leisure
talking
tv and radio
out of home leisure
personal care
prim & sec childcare
unpaid work
paid work
women with young children: primary, secondary, co-presence
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4am 9am 2pm 7pm 12pm
other home leisure
talking
tv and radio
out of home leisure
personal care
pri,sec,copres chcare
unpaid work
paid work
Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS)
• 59 national studies, conducted from the 1960s through present decade, in 23 countries.
• Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, USA, Yugoslavia.
• Multi-decade time series in 12 countries.
http://www.timeuse.org/mtus/
Multinational Time Use StudyN of days 1961-79 1970-75 1976-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
Australia 3181 13806 14071 (10000)
Austria 25162
Canada 2138 2682 9618 8936 10726 (15000)
Denmark 4069 2389 (15000)
Finland 11908 15219 10076
France 2898 4633 5000 15318
Germany 3687 25775 20000
Italy 2116 37764 15000
Neth’land 1292 2727 3263 3158 3227 1649
Norway 6516 6068 6129 7675
S. Africa 14217
Slovenia 12273
Sweden 7065 7747
UK 9292 17507 18060 1906 19400
USA 2021 7010 4935 9386 1151 20340
also Belgium, Hungary, Israel, many others N > 600,000
Various flavours of MTUS• MTUS-lite:
• 40 aggregate activity categories, 10 harmonised socio-demographic variables
• MTUS World 5.8:• 11 countries, 24 surveys, 69 activities, 52
harmonised socio-demographic vars• MTUS World 6
• 17 surveys 8 countries so far• multiple activity sequence data
all unpaid work, men 20-59
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1961-69 1970-74 1975-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
s pe
r day
Canada
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Norway
UK
USA
Finland
Italy
Australia
Israel
Sweden
Germany
Austria
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
all unpaid work, women 20-59
200
250
300
350
400
450
1961-69 1970-74 1975-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04
min
s pe
r day
Canada
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Norway
UK
USA
Finland
Italy
Australia
Israel
Sweden
Germany
Austria
South Africa
Slovenia
Spain
Unpaid work in 17 countries, 1961-2004
Welfare Regimes and Gender Ideologies(after Esping Andersen 1989)
• liberal market regimes: – UK, the USA, Canada and Australia – modified breadwinner gender ideology, women both paid
work & caring roles
• social democratic nordic regimes: – Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden – dual earner family model, high employment rate of both
women and men
• conservative/corporatist regimes: – Netherlands, France, Germany, Austria– weak familist gender ideology, men primary breadwinners,
women carers
• southern regime: (later addition to typology) – Spain, Italy and Israel– traditional familist gender ideology, stronger emphasis on
women’s family role
Determinants of domestic work time (minutes per day)Women Men
Model Multiple R 0.524
0.345
Year ((yrs before 2004)/10)**2 -2.81 *** -3.22 ***
Nordic*Survey Year 2.8 *** -0.54 ***
Corporatist*Survey Year 4.08 *** 0.13 ns
Liberal*Survey Year 2.15 *** -0.6 ***
Southern*Survey Year 2.73 *** -1.24 ***
Age 14.12 *** 3.02 ***
Age squared -0.12 *** -0.01 ***
Youngest child aged 0-4 203.22 *** 58.86 ***
Youngest child aged 5-15 70.68 *** 7.6 ***
Nordic -47.51 *** 14.88 ***
Corporatist (ref)
Liberal -8.48 *** 15.5 ***
Southern 49.87 *** -35.16 ***
(Constant) -131.8 *** 30.05 ***
Kan, Sullivan and Gershuny, Sociology forthcoming 2010
Women’s proportion of all unpaid work (men and women aged 20-59)
a. Nordic women's proportions of all unpaid work
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
1961-69 1970-
74
1975-
84
1985-
89
1990-
94
1995-
99
2000-
04
%
Denmark
Norway
Finland
Sweden
modelednordic
ew
b. Liberal women's proportions of all unpaid work
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
1961-
69
1970-
74
1975-
84
1985-
89
1990-
94
1995-
99
2000-
04
%
Canada
UK
USA
Australia
modeledliberal
e
c. Corporatist women's prop. of all unpaid work
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
1961-
69
1970-
74
1975-
84
1985-
89
1990-
94
1995-
99
2000-
04
%
France
Netherlands
Germany
Austria
Slovenia
modeledcorporatist
d. Southern women's prop. of all unpaid work
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
1961-
69
1970-
74
1975-
84
1985-
89
1990-
94
1995-
99
2000-
04
%
Italy
Spain
modeledsouthern
Introduction to the MTUS
–Diary materials–Time budgets–Sequence day graphs–Multidimensional recording–Many countries, many decades–Eg: regime differences.
http://www.timeuse.org/mtus/