introduction to the film nothing like chocolate 13052014
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Introduction to the film Nothing like Chocolate www.chocoladeboot.nl, discussing the environmental, social and economic issues at stake in making the chain of making the '"food of the gods".TRANSCRIPT
Introduction: Nothing like chocolate!
Pre-film introduction and discussion, Heerenstraattheater, Wageningen, The
Netherlands www.chocoladeboot.nl
13 May 2014
Dr. Verina Ingram
LEI, Wageningen UR
Cocoa theobroma
Greek “food of the gods” Mexican Aztec xocolātl “bitter water“
Cultivars
Criollo
Forastero
Trinitario
Tree bears fruit at 4-5 years old, average age 40 years, up to 100
Tropical needs shade, warm
climate abundant rainfall,
nutrient rich soil
30 pods
40 beans each
1 pod 500 beans
1 tree 600
flowers
1 kg chocolate
A tropical cash crop with colonial roots
Cacao cultivation spread across the hot, humid tropical belt reversing the slave triangle
What's in a bean?
Sources: Buitrago-Lopez et al 2011, Mursu et al. 2004, Steinberg et al. 2003, Wollgast & Anklam 2000, Crozier et al. 2011
Theobromine, caffeine
< 1 % Vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, C, E , pantothenic acid
< 1-4 % Alkaloids Mild stimulant, arousal
Craving
Impacts cholesterol, improve cardiovascular health,
inflammation reduction, neuropsychological & cognitive functioning
cerebral blood flow
Pleasure, craving
Suggested health impacts
From bean to bar...
Where is cocoa produced?
Exporters (Top 10) Importers (Top 10) Cote d’Ivoire United States
Ghana Netherlands Indonesia Germany
Nigeria France Cameroon Malaysia Ecuador United Kingdom
Togo Belgium/Luxembourg Papua New Guinea Russian Federation Dominican Republic Spain
Guinea Canada
Sources: UCTAD & ICCO, World Cocoa Foundation
Where is cocoa traded? Source: ICCO, The Guardian
Who eats the most chocolate?
Source ICCO 2012
2282
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
g p
er c
ap
ita d
om
esti
c c
on
su
mp
tio
n c
ho
co
late
20
10
/2
01
1
18th
Supply chain
Social challenges 90% produced by 3 million small holder farmers
Approx. 14 million employed
Farmers high poverty levels
Fair prices & incomes
Position of women and workers
Ensuring basic rights re child and forced labour
Worker health and safety on farm
Human toxicity of crop protection products
Risk management and diversification
Source: TSC 2013, Cocoa Barometer 2012
Environmental challenges
Sourcing from ecologically sensitive regions
On-farm use of chemicals for crop protection
(pesticides) and inorganic fertilizer use
Depletion soil fertility and quality on farm
Biodiversity loss (full sun farms & deforestation)
Maintaining genetic diversity and resilience
farming systems and ecosystems
Pollution water sources
Packaging waste
Energy use and emissions during transport and
grinding, roasting and processing
Economic challenges Insufficient supply to meet growing global demand + declining yields
Control of and losses to pests & diseases
Volatile prices
Efficient models to delivering services and products to farmers
Impact climate change
Farmer access to markets and adding value
Governance and traceability in the chain
Cocoa prices
“Cocoa prices are too low bearing in mind how much demand
there is for it”
Edward George, Ecobank Commodities, January 28 2014
Solutions.....
Abidjan Declaration November 2012, World Cocoa Conference Cote d’Ivoire
Goal : move the entire sector to a path of sustainable development that will
benefit all stakeholders along the cocoa value chain
1) Strategic management
• Coordinate initiatives and participate in voluntary consensual processes
• National Cocoa Development Plans based on Public-Private-Partnership Models (PPP)
• Improve living standards and working conditions - especially women and children and ILO standards
2) Sustainable production
• Attract younger generations
• Better planting material and inputs, innovative technology, integrated pest management
• Aid farmer’s groups to offer training in “Good Agricultural Practices”
• Support Affordable and accessible credit services
• Manage soil fertility, preserve biodiversity and existing ecosystems
3) Chain sustainability
• Enhance traceability
• Reduce harmful impacts on the environment
• Training and access to market and consumer safety information
• Increase income by value-addition at origin
4) Sustainable consumption
• Respond to expectations and concerns of consumers
• Promote consumption in traditional/mature markets and origin/producer countries
Harkin-Engel Protocol (Labor agreement)
September 19, 2001
• Framework for growing and processing of cocoa beans and their
derivative products to comply with the International Labour
Organization Convention 182 on the elimination of the worst
forms of child labour.
• Signed by industry groups: the World Cocoa Foundation and the
Chocolate Manufacturers Association (now the Chocolate
Council of the National Confectioners Association), Guittard,
Mars, World’s Finest Chocolate, Archer Daniels Midland
Company, Nestlé US, Blommer Chocolate, Hershey Food
Corporation and Barry Callebaut, governments in West Africa,
NGOs, farmers groups and experts
Progress? Dark side of Chocolate film, Bitter Harvest report,
Payson Centre Tulane University, Fair Labour Association
The Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality signed a letter of intent with 30 supermarkets, industry associations, companies, government agencies, NGO’s and certification agencies in the cocoa sector.
They committed to;
Produce 100% of ‘Chocolade letters’ in the Dutch market from 100% guaranteed sustainable cocoa by 2012
50% of all cocoa beans used in cocoa products in the Dutch market sourced from guaranteed sustainable cocoa by 2015
80% of all cocoa beans used in cocoa products in the Dutch market sourced from guaranteed sustainable cocoa by 2020
100% consumption in the Netherlands sourced from guaranteed sustainable cocoa by 2025
Results out June 2014!!
March 2010 Letter of Intent: Sustainable cocoa consumed in the Netherlands
Guaranteed certified cocoa:
What does it mean ?
In 2012 approx. 1143 k tons cocoa = 7% certified globally
- up from 2% in 2009 – however a supply deficit with synergies to upscale and to increase efficiencies in demand
*no other such systems were found or used to provide data yet
Sources: Cocoa Barometer 2011, 2012, IFC
Visible, measurable, third party schemes, independent auditing and monitoring of cocoa in the chain from producer to retailer with a traceable system.
2012
405 Kt
534 Kt
165 Kt
? Kt 37 Kt ? Kt
1,143 Kt and other comparable systems*
• From 2008 to 2015 Sustainable Trade Action Plan partners investing 40 million € (cocoa) on enhancing sustainability of commodity chains: certification main tool
• Dutch government & partners investing 40 million € (cocoa) from 2008 to 2015 on enhancing sustainability of commodity chains: certification major vehicle to achieve this.
• Recent studies highlight need for evidence on impact of sustainability initiatives – especially PPP and certification.
• Multi-stakeholder international public + private + research + CSO partnerships emerging
What's needed?
oUp-scaling positive initiatives
oMaintaining the sustainability /certification buzz
oDemonstrating to consumers initiatives having effect
oContinued education and training farmers & workers e.g. GAP
o Improved and accessible cultivars
o Increase productivity
oAccess to inputs and credit
oAlternative energy sources
oContinued promotion of biodiversity (cultivar, farm and landscape
level)
oMore efficient use current land & avoid abandonment of farms
oPartnerships
oAlternatives and innovators high value and niche markets
Challenges
Demonstrating progress to environmental and social goals
Who pays?
Going beyond certification
Speed of progress....
Sharing pre-competitive information, complementarity – not duplication
Efficient use public funding
Convincing private sector about efficiency of data sharing to improve monitoring, evaluation and trade data