introduction to the facial action coding system and computer

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TDLC workshop August 2009– Social Interaction Network Day FACS Facial Action Coding System CERT Computer Expression Recognition Toolbox

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Page 1: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

TDLC workshop August 2009–Social Interaction Network Day

FACS  

Facial Action Coding System

CERT

Computer Expression Recognition Toolbox 

Page 2: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

The Facial Action Coding SystemEkman & Friesen, 1978

Page 3: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

How do humans detect facial actions?

• Relative movement of parts of the face. (motion‐based, video )

• Wrinkles and furrows. (texture based, photo)

• Shape of parts of the face. (texture based)

Page 4: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Fear brow 1+2+4

Neutral Brow raise

Page 5: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Video examples

• Show ELAN clip of TDLC_30_MysteryBox  (motion enhances human detection)

• Show ELAN clip of TDLC_24_MysteryBox (interpreting low intensity action)

Page 6: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

• Hand out contains list of numerical codes for  most common facial action units.

• Briefly try producing :AU1+2, 4, 751,53,55,61,6312,20,26

Page 7: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

4 alone1 alone

1+4 1+2+41+2

5 alone

Target Upper face AU’s

Page 8: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Target Lower face AU’s

10 201412

Page 9: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Basic Emotions

• Anger

• Disgust

• Fear

• Joy

• Sadness 

• Surprise

Page 10: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

DFAT Examples

Page 11: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Pain Actions

Page 12: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Real Pain with CERT

Page 13: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Warning

• Do not try to FACS code your own data. 

• Real expressions are typically complex combinations of  AUs at various intensities.

• Subtle differences not mentioned here.

Page 14: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

C.E.R.T.

please hold while I open the CERT GUI

Page 15: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Computer Expression Recognition Toolbox (CERT) 

FACS AU 1AU 2

:AU 46

Binary Classifier

Bank

FeatureSelection

Machine Learning

Developed at the Machine Perception Laboratory

filter

Meta Labels 

Dynamics

Page 16: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Face detection

• Compaq Dataset: 5,000 face images from the web and segmented by hand.

• 8,000  non‐face images collected from the web.

• 30 frames/second (160x120 images, 2.1ghz)

• 90% Detection rate, 1/million false positive rate on CMU test set. Equivalent to Viola & Jones

• Source code available at http://mplab.ucsd.edu

Page 17: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

+ ++

+

Frontal +‐10 degrees, Procrustes Alignment using 4 points

Automatic registration

Page 18: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Training Data Large datasets (over 10,000 images from over 300 subjects) 

Expert FACS coding 

Combined posed and spontaneous datasets:

DFAT ‐ Cohn‐Kanade

Ekman Hager

MMI ‐ Pantic et al

D006 D005 and D007‐ Frank et al

Page 19: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Training set size20,000 subject smile database

100 10,0001000

90%

Training set size

Performance

Whitehill et al.

Page 20: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

POFA+noise

Page 21: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Gabor representation

Page 22: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

SVM Classifiers

• 19 AUs with over 100 examples

• Unilaterals (left or right) for 3 Aus

• Fear, distress, smiles, blinks

• Yaw, pitch and roll

Page 23: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Action Unit Recognition Performance TableAU Name Posed Spont

1 Inner brow raise .97 .892 Outer brow raise .95 .824 Brow Lower .94 .745 Upper Lid Raise .96 .796 Cheek Raise .92 .907 (7) Lids tight .91 .789 Nose wrinkle .99 .8710 Upper lip raise .95 .7912 Lip corner pull .99 .9214 Dimpler .90 .7715 Lip corner Depress .97 .8617 Chin Raise .95 .8018 (18) Lip Pucker .83 .7220 Lip stretch .91 .6223 Lip tighten .85 .6624 Lip press .94 .7525 Lips part .96 .7226 Jaw drop .88 .711,1+4 Distress brow .94 .701+2+4 Fear brow .95 .63

Mean: .93 .77

Performance Area under the ROC

= fraction correct on a 2‐alternative forced choice.

Unbiased sensitivity

0                  1  false alarm rate     

A’

ROC curve1

hit rate

0

equal error

Page 24: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

The SVM margin (CERT output) predicts human AU intensity label

Frame Number

Margin

Correlation

• Varies by subject• Ranges from r = .34 to r = .93• Mean r = .63AU 4

AU 7AU 9

Page 25: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Dynamic classifier output on 3.5 minutes of video. Spontaneous behavior. Action unit 12=Zygomatic

A

D

D

A

ED

B

C CD

C

E

D

Video Frame number

Evid

ence

of A

U12

Human AU codes* ABCDEApex Onset-offset interval low-high Intensity

Page 26: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Predicting self‐report of emotion

Page 27: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Dynamicsou

tput

Surprise Expressions

Frame Number Frame Number Frame Number Frame Number

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4

* AU 1o    AU 2

AU 5

Frame Number Frame Number Frame Number Frame Number

output

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4

Disgust Expressions

* AU 4o    AU 7

AU 9

Page 28: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Testing: MLR Weighted Temporal Windows

Page 29: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Classifier for Real vs Fake Pain 

SVM(RBF)

Frame

Real Pain

Fake Pain

:

19 Facial Action Channels

AU1

AU2

AU4

AU28

Gabor‐like filter applied to 500 frame window

Statistics within episode

No Pain

Page 30: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Conclusions from Pain study• Automated Expression Coding identified similar Facial Actions to

previous human coding studies for genuine pain and posed pain.

• Dynamical information such as the variability of duration of theactions or the correlations between actions was necessary for good classification performance.

• A learned classifier outperformed naïve humans for discriminating fake from real pain expressions, based on 1 minute of video of each– 52% (human) for fake/real – 89% (cert) for fake/real

Page 31: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

TDLC study

• Judy Reilly, Marni Bartlett, Gwen Littlewort Linda Phan, Grace Kang and co.

• 30 TD kids aged 4‐9 years doing a 45 minute session which includes many tasks that provoke facial expression through imitation, natural social interaction and games.  

• Longitudinal study. Data base.  

• Rapidly yields huge quantities of CERT output data. 

• Need a variety of temporal dynamics measures to apply to CERT outputs such as event detection, measures of coordination and temporal integration, block statistics, correlation distributions.      

Page 32: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

show video subject 30 mystery box item 2

Page 33: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Head direction‐activity plot

activechild

Calm child

Page 34: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Finding a needle in a haystack – trajectory of synchronized and sequentially phased actions for one subject. 4 seconds of activity.

Page 35: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Comparing coordination of actions in an older and younger child during the latency period of a mystery box task: Trajectories of

frown and smile during a moment of “recognition”. 

Page 36: Introduction to the Facial Action Coding System and Computer

Social referencing ? Returning gaze to adult interviewer as puzzlement fades.