introduction to south final)

8/8/2019 Introduction to South Final)

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Introduction to South America

South America is situated in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern

Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered onthe west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North

America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.

America was named in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemller and Matthias

Ringmann after Americo Vespuccio, who was the first European to suggest that the lands

newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown to Europeans.

South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi), or almost

3.5% of the Earth's surface. As of 2005, its population was estimated at more than

371,090,000.South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America)

and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America).

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The Map of South America clearly defines the geographical and political contours of the

different countries within the continent. The South America map further points to the

heterogeneous topography, climatic variations and natural vegetation of the huge

continent. The economy of South America mostly depends on fishing, agriculture, mining

and lumbering.

Geographical components:

South America occupies the southern portion of the landmass sometimes referred to as

the New World. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darin

watershed along the ColombiaPanama border, or (according to some sources) by the

Panama Canal which transects the Isthmus of Panama. Geopolitically and geographically

all of Panama including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus is

typically included in North America alone and among the countries of Central America.

Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate.

South America is home to the world's highest waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the

largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes

(whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m [22,841 ft]); the driest place on earth,

the Atacama Desert; the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capitalcity,

La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca;

and, excluding research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost permanently

inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile

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Geographical Components (continued):

The study of geography is made easier by the five geographical components and they are:

location, place, human and environmental interaction, movement and region. These

components can be used to study all kinds of geographic issues from local to global

levels.

1. Location

Much of South America falls between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

For this reason, much of this continent has some form of tropical climate. Hot

temperatures and heavy rainfall is experienced all the time. Parts of Colombia,

Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay however have savanna climate. These countries

are hot and extremely wet due to rainfall but not all year round. They can also get cooler

and drier than the tropical rain forest places. A humid subtropical climate can be found in

Brazilian city Rio de Janeiro and northern part of Argentina. Places such as Chile and

Peru have desert climate, where no rainfall has ever been recorded.

2. Place

The physical geography of South America, or Latin America, is diverse. The most

important physical aspects are the vast rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the

towering mountain chain of the Andes. High mountain ranges cover much of South

America. South America contains the worlds largest mountain chain, the stretch of the

Andes (4,500 miles). This continent also has large plateaus, high flatlands often used for

grazing and farming. South America also contains the Amazon River basin, the largest

lowland area of South America. It covers about 2.7 million sq. miles and contains the

worlds largest tropical rain forest. About two-thirds if this forest is in Brazil, while the

rest lies in Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.

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3. Human/Environmental Interaction

Economies of many South American countries are based of agriculture. Brazil and

Colombia rank among the worlds leading coffee products. Brazil and Ecuador also

produce much of the worlds bananas. Beef is a major export of Paraguay and Uruguay.

Apart from agricultural growth, South America also has certain industrial growth. Brazil

has increased its industrial production in recent years. Most other countries have not been

able to industrialize more rapidly mainly because of lack of money.

4. Movement

Almost 460 million people live in South America which is roughly 8% of the worlds

population. South Americans, or rather, Latin Americas come from various backgrounds.

They consist of Native Americans, Europeans, Africans, Asians and mixture of these

groups. Native Americans were the first ones to settle in South America. Many Native

American cultural characteristics still remain. Europeans, Africans and Asians settled at a

much later period. As for religion, 87% of Latin Americans are Roman Catholic whereas

other forms of religion cover a very minor portion. Much of Latin America is not densely

populated; most of the people live in Colombia, Argentina and Venezuela.

5. Region

South America is very rich in minerals and energy resources. Natural gas is extracted in

many of the same areas that produce oil. Coal is found in Colombia, Brazil, Chile and

Ecuador. In addition to energy resources, Latin America has mineral resources such as

bauxite, copper and silver. The natural vegetation of Latin America mainly consists of

rain forests and grasslands. Like the climate, the vegetation varies from one place to

another. South America also has a great history of ancient civilizations. Years before

Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, the Native American civilizations

emerged the Maya, the Aztec and the Inca. The Maya built many cities and used

mathematical calculations to create calendar which consisted of more than 365 days. The

Aztec made islands and worshipped many gods and goddesses. The Inca constructed

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stone temples and fortresses which were often adorned with gold and silver. On a more

modern note, South Americans today spend rigorous family time and enjoy dance, parties

and sports; the biggest example being the world famous South American football teams.

Countries of South America and its details:

Venezuela:

Area 882, 100 sq km

Country Population 25, 375, 281

Capital city (and population) Caracas (3, 435,

795)

Official Language Spanish

Currency Bolivar

Venezuela is a land of great natural beauty in northern South America. Angel Falls is the

worlds highest waterfall and Maracaibo is the largest lake in the South America.

Venezuela has large reserves of oil, coal and gold but almost half of Venezuelans live in

poverty.

Guyana:

Area 214, 969 sq km

Country population 765, 283

Capital city (and population) Georgetown (250, 000)

Official language English

Currency Guyana Dollar

Guyana is South Americas only English speaking country. Its natural resources includegold and diamonds, but it is very poor and has political problems. The country has many

fascinating animals and plants and is popular with tourists interested in nature.

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Suriname:

Area 163, 265 sq km

Country population 438, 144

Capital City (and population) Paramaribo (213, 836)

Official language Dutch

Currency Suriname dollar

This is the smallest independent nation in South America. It was governed by the

Netherlands but became independent in 1975. Suriname has large amounts of timber, as

well as bauxite and gold but just the previous countries mention above, 70% per cent of

the people are still very poor.

Colombia:

Area 1, 038, 700 sq km

Country population 42, 954, 279

Capital City (and population) Bogot (6, 712, 247)

Official language Spanish

Currency Colombian peso

Colombia is in the northwest of South America. The main crops are coffee, bananas and

sugar and the country also has oil and mineral reserves. Colombia is also the worlds

leading producer of cocaine.

Ecuador:

Area 276, 800 sq km

Country population 13, 363, 593Capital city (and population) Quito (1, 399, 814)


Currency US dollar

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Ecuador lies on the Equator and stretches across the Andes Mountains. The countrys

main exports are fish, bananas, cocoa and coffee. Oil was discovered there in 1972.

Peru:

Area 1, 280, 000 sq km


Capital city (and population) Lima (6, 723, 130)

Official languages Spanish/Quechua

Currency New sol

Peru lies on South Americas Pacific coast. It has been home to famous ancient

civilizations, including the Inca Empire. Peru has important natural resources, including

gold and oil but the country has not developed yet.

Bolivia:

Area 1, 084, 400 sq km

Country Population 8, 857, 870

Capital city (and population) La Paz (739, 453)


Currency Boliviano

The Andes mountain range crosses Bolivia. The Bolivian capital, La Paz, is in the Andes

and is the highest capital city in the world. Bolivia is one of the only two landlocked

countries in South America.

Brazil:Area 8, 456, 500 sq km


Capital city (and population) Brasilia (1, 737, 813)

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Official language Portuguese

Currency Real

Brazil covers nearly half of South America. It contains the worlds second longest river,

the Amazon, and vast tropical rainforests. About 82% of Brazils population lives in

cities, which are mostly on the coast in the south and southeast of the country. Brazil is

the leading nation in South America but there are wide divisions between rich and poor.

Uruguay:

Area 175, 000 sq km


Capital city (and population) Montevideo (1, 303, 182)


Currency Uruguayan peso

Uruguay is the second smallest country in South America. It is wealthier than most South

American nations because of its livestock, tourism and banking industries. It has a good

welfare system and its people are well educated.

Paraguay:

Area 397, 300 sq km


Capital city (and population) Asuncion (550, 060)

Official language Spanish/Guarani

Currency Guarani

The Republic of Paraguay is landlocked. It had one of the smallest populations of any

South American country. Alfredo Stroessner, the regions longest-ruling dictator, was

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overthrown in 1989, but Paraguay is still struggling with political and financial problems.

Chile:

Area 748, 800 sq km


Capital city (and population) Santiago (4, 690, 684)


Currency Chilean peso

Chile is an extremely long, narrow country, which lies between the Andes Mountains and

Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most successful nations in South America and has many

natural resources, including minerals and timber, as well as thriving agriculture and

fishing industries.

Argentina:

Area 2, 736, 700 sq km


Capital city (and population) Buenos Aires (11, 453, 725)


Currency Peso

Argentina was once ruled by Spain but it became independent in 1816. This South

American country is famous for its beef and also has large mineral deposits.

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Rivers of South America:

The above map represents all the rivers that flow through South America. There are 12

rivers, among which Amazon is the largest river (in volume).

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Diseases:

Of the many diseases spread by insects, very few are actually caused by the insects

themselves rather than by other organisms passed on when they feed or bite.

Insects are capable of spreading diseases caused by many different types of micro-

organisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, etc. Biting insects are active at all

times of the day and night. However, some prefer different times of day, e.g., the

mosquitoes that spread malaria are mainly active after dark but the mosquitoes that

spread yellow fever and dengue fever are active during daylight hours.

The following table illustrates the global distribution of some well known insect borne

diseases:

Diseases Vector Endemic Zone

Malaria Mosquitoes Tropical and subtropical areas of South America

Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Tropical areas of South America

Dengue Fever Mosquitoes Tropical South America

Chagas Disease Assassin Bugs Tropical South America

(Reference: Cited at: http://www.traveldoctor.co.uk/insects.htm

Accessed date: 04/10/2010)

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History of South America:

Agriculture and animal domestication:

South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land

Bridge (now the Bering Strait) from the territory that is present-day Russia. Some

archaeological finds do not fit this theory and have led to an alternative theory of Pre-

Siberian American Aborigines. The first evidence for the existence of agricultural

practices in South America dates back to about 6500 BC, when potatoes, chilies and

beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin. Pottery

evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple food today, was being

cultivated as early as 2000 BC.

By 2000 BC, many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the Andes

and the surrounding religious regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the

coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also

developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society.

South American cultures began domesticating llamas, vicuas, guanacos, and alpacas in

the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool,these animals were used for transportation of goods.

Independence:

The South American possessions of the Spanish Crown won their independence between

1804 and 1826 in the Spanish American wars of independence. Simn Bolvar of

Venezuela and Jos de San Martn of Argentina were the most important leaders of the

independence struggles. Bolvar led a great uprising in northern South America, and thenled his army southward towards Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Meanwhile,

San Martn led an army from the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata across the Andes

Mountains, meeting up with General Bernardo O'Higgins in Chile, and then marched

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northward to gain the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru.

The two armies finally met in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where they cornered the Royal Army

of the Spanish Crown and forced its surrender.

In the Portuguese colony of Brazil, Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the

Portuguese King Dom Joo VI, proclaimed the country's independence in 1822 and

became Brazil's first Emperor. After some quarreling with Portuguese loyal garrisons in

Bahia and Par, this was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal, on conditions

of a high compensation paid by Brazil.

Although Bolivar attempted to unify politically the Spanish-speaking parts of the

continent into the "Gran Colombia", they rapidly became independent states without

political connections between them, despite some later attempts such as the Peruvian-

Bolivian Confederation.

A few countries did not gain independence until the 20th century:

Guyana, from the United Kingdom, in 1966

Suriname, from Dutch control, in 1975

French Guiana is now a region of France.

The Falkland Islands remain sovereign territory of the United Kingdom.

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands also remain sovereign territory of the United

Kingdom.

Politics:

During the first decade of the 21st century, South American governments have drifted to

the political left, with socialist leaders being elected in Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina,

Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Venezuela. Despite the move to the left, South America

for the most part still embraces free market policies, and it is taking an active path toward

greater continental integration.

Recently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two

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existing customs unions: Mercosur and the Andean Community, thus forming the third-

largest trade bloc in the world. This new political organization known as Union of South

American Nations seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a

common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs.

Demographics:

Descendants of Indigenous peoples, such as the Quechua and Aymara, or the Urarina of

Amazonia make up the majority of the population in Bolivia (55%) and, per some

sources, in Peru (45%). In Ecuador, Amerindians are a large minority that comprises two-

fifths of the population. The white/European population is also a significant element in

most other former Spanish colonies.

The demographics of Venezuela and Colombia include approximately 25% white and

European descendants. While in Peru, European descendants are the third group in

importance (15%). Compared to other South American countries, the people of European

descent are more of a majority in Argentina, Uruguay, and form a large component of the

"mixed race" populations of Chile and Brazil.

South America is also home to one of the biggest population of Africans. This group is

also significantly present in Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French

Guiana, and Ecuador. Mestizos (mixed white and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic

group in Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador and the second group in Peru. East

Indians form the largest ethnic groups in Guyana and Suriname. Brazil followed by Peru

also has the biggest Japanese and Chinese communities in South America.

Brazil is the most diverse country in South America, with large population of Whites,Blacks, Mestizos and Mulattos, as well as a sizeable community of Middle Easterners

and East Asians.

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Economy:

During the last two decades, South American countries have experienced significant

economic growth, which can be seen in many of these countries with the construction of

new skyscrapers like the Gran Costanera tower in Chile, and also transportations systems

like the Bogota Metro. However, because of histories of high inflation in nearly all South

American countries, interest rates remain high and investment remains low. Interest rates

are usually twice that of the United States. For example, interest-rates are about 22% in

Venezuela and 23% in Suriname. The exception is Chile, which has been implementing

free market economic policies since establishing military dictatorship in 1973 and has

been increasing its social spending since the return of democratic rule in the early 1990s.

This has led to economic stability and interest rates in the low single digits.

South America relies heavily on the exporting of goods and natural resources. On an

exchange rate basis Brazil (the seventh largest economy in the world and the largest in

America) leads the way in total amount of exports at $137.8 billion dollars followed by

Chile at 58.12 billion and Argentina with 46.46 billion.

The economic gap between the rich and poor in most South American nations is

considered to be larger than in most other continents. In Venezuela, Paraguay, Bolivia

and many other South American countries, the richest 20% may own over 60% of the

nation's wealth, while the poorest 20% may own less than 5%. This wide gap can be seen

in many large South American cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie adjacent to

skyscrapers and upper-class luxury apartments.

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*The above table represents the economic condition of South America as a whole where

some key economic indicators (e.g. GDP, unemployment rate) are used to portray the

national income statistics, population, annual growth rate, etc which are essential for

measuring a countries performance.

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Population: 390,173,000

GDP (PPP): $4.06tri ll ion(2009)

GDP (Currency): $2,865tri ll ion(2009)

GDP/capita (PPP): $10,406 (2009)

GDP/capita (Currency): $7,34 3(2009)

Annual growth of per capi ta GDP:

9.00% (2006)

Income of top 1%: 44.37%

Millionaires: 400,000 (0.07%)

Unemployment 9% (2002)


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Unemployment rate:

ParaguayPeru

ChileArgentinaBrazilBoliviaVenezuelaUruguayEcuador

SurinameColombiaGuyana

5.606.90

7.007.37.507.508.509.209.30

9.5011.20N/A

*The above table represents one of the most significant economic indicators which

shows the unemployment rate which varies in nearly all the countries of South America.

The higher the unemployment rate means more and more people do not have a job which

is not beneficial for any country as people are the natural assets of a country which can be

utilized for the development of the nation. High unemployment rate e.g. Colombia which

has the highest unemployment rate will certainly be at a backhand while competing with

other countries and can also face severe constraints in taking long term future

development plans as the government which is being deprived from its tax revenue which

otherwise if the people were employed would have paid to the government and at the

same time it also has to pay unemployment benefits in order to support the unemployed.

Therefore the lower the unemployment rate, the better for any country. Higher

employment contributes significantly for the further development of any the country as

changes are easily accepted and adopted by a well educated population.

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Annual inflation:

Country

PeruEcuadorBrazilChileColombiaSurinameParaguayUruguay

BoliviaArgentinaGuyanaVenezuela

Annual inflation (%)

1.80%2.20%3.60%4.40%5.50%6.40%8.10%8.10%

8.70%8.80%12.20%18.70%

*The annual inflation rate reflects the changes in the value of a countries currency and

can have severe implications for the country. Inflation is termed as The general and

sustained rise in the price level and the fall in the purchasing power of money. This

directly will affect the standard of living of the people leaving in those countries which

are experiencing Inflation. As can be seen in the table above, Venezuela experiences the

highest annual inflation among all the other counties of South America. This can result in

a fall in the living standard for the people living in Venezuela compared to the people

living in other countries as Venezuelans will not be able to buy the same amount of goods

which they used to before.

The inflation rate will also affect the balance of trade of a country as if the currency

appreciates then this will negative affects on the balance of trade as it will makes foreign

goods cheaper and encourage imports and vise versa in case of currency depreciation.

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South Americans are culturally influenced by the historic connection with Europe,

especially Spain and Portugal, and the impact of mass culture from the United States of

America.

South American nations have a rich variety of music. Some of the most famous genres

include cumbia from Colombia, samba and bossa nova from Brazil, and tango from

Argentina and Uruguay. Also well known is the non-commercial folk genre Nueva

Cancin movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the

rest of the Latin America. People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon

duos or trios in the most mestizo (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the

Marinera (from Lima), the Tondero (from Piura), the 19th century popular Creole Valse

or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early 20th century ParaguayanGuarania. In the late 20th century, Spanish rock emerged by young hipsters influenced by

British pop and American rock. Brazil has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as

well a great variety of other music genres.

The literature of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim,

especially with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors

such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel Garca Mrquez in novels, and Pablo Neruda and

Jorge Luis Borges in other genres. The Brazilian Machado de Assis, a 19th century realist

writer, widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature has among the

admirers of his unique style, names such as Jos Saramago, Carlos Fuentes, Susan Sontag

and Harold Bloom.

Because of South America's broad ethnic mix, South American cuisine takes on African,

American Indian, Asian, and European influences. Bahia, Brazil, is especially well-

known for its West Africaninfluenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans,

Brazilians and Venezuelans regularly consume wine, while Argentina along with

Paraguay, Uruguay, and people in southern Chile and Brazil enjoy mate, a regional

brewed herb cultivated for its drink, the Paraguayan version, terere, differing from the

others in that it is served cold. Pisco is liquor distilled from grapevine produced in Peru

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and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, African,

Andean, and Amazonic food.

Language:

Languages in Latin America:

Spanish

Portuguese

French

Spanish (193,243,411 speakers) and Portuguese (193,197,164) are the most spoken

languages in South America. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along

with other native languages in some countries. Spanish is also taught in Brazil, being the

most spoken language as a first, second and third language in South America. Portuguese

is the official language of Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is

the official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve other languages spoken

in the country such as Hindi and Arabic. English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands.

French is the official language of French Guiana.

Indigenous languages of South America include Quechua in Ecuador, Peru, Chile,

Argentina, and Bolivia; Guaran in Paraguay and, to a much lesser extent, in Bolivia;

Aymara in Bolivia, Peru, and less often in Chile; and Mapudungun is spoken in certain

pockets of southern Chile and, more rarely, Argentina. At least three South American

indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with

Spanish as national languages.

Other languages found in South America include, Hindi and Indonesian in Suriname;Italian in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Peru and Chile; and German in certain

pockets of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Paraguay. German is also

spoken in many regions of the southern states of Brazil, Riograndenser Hunsrckisch

being the most widely spoken German dialect in the country; among other Germanic

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dialects, a Brazilian form of Pomeranian is also well represented and is experiencing a

revival. Welsh remain spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in

the Argentine Patagonia. There are also small clusters of Japanese-speakers in Brazil and

Peru. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in

Arab communities in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and less frequently in

Colombia and Paraguay.

In most of the continent's countries, the upper classes and well-educated people regularly

study English, French, German, or Italian, and are typically well-traveled. In those areas

where tourism is a significant industry, English and some other European languages are

often spoken. There are small Portuguese speaking areas in northernmost Uruguay

because of the proximity of Brazil.

Some facts of South America:

Largest river (by volume): Amazon River

Largest rainforest: Amazon rainforest

Largest mountain range: Andes Mountains

Largest commercially navigable lake: Lake Titicaca, shared by Bolivia and Peru

Largest salt lake in the world: Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni salt flats), Bolivia

Driest place on Earth: Atacama Desert, Chile

Highest capital city: La Paz, Bolivia

Highest point in the Western Hemisphere: Mount Aconcagua (6,962 m.a.s.l.) in Mendoza

province, Argentina

Lowest point in the Western Hemisphere: Laguna del Carbon (-105 m.). Santa Cruz

province, Argentina

Worlds highest waterfall: Angel Falls, VenezuelaWorlds southernmost inhabited community: Puerto Toro, Chile

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The Best Historic Sites:

Manzana de las Luces, Buenos Aires, Argentina: The Manzana de las Luces (Block of

Lights) served as the intellectual center of the city in the 17th and 18th centuries. This

land was granted in 1616 to the Jesuits, who built San Ignacio -- the city's oldest church

-- still standing at the corner of Bolvar and Aslina streets. It's worth a visit to see the

beautiful altar.

Teatro Coln, Buenos Aires, Argentina: The majestic Teatro Coln, completed in

1908, combines a variety of European styles, from the Ionic and Corinthian capitals and

French stained-glass pieces in the main entrance to the Italian marble staircase and

exquisite French furniture, chandeliers, and vases in the Golden Hall. The Coln has

hosted the world's most important opera singers.

Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Tiwanaku lived in Bolivia from 1600 B.C. to A.D. 1200. Visit

the Tiwanaku archaeological site, which is about 2 hours from La Paz, and you'll see

proof of some of the amazing feats of this pre-Columbian culture. The stone-carved Sun

Gate could gauge the position of the sun. The technologically advanced irrigation system

transformed this barren terrain into viable farmland. The enormous and intricatelydesigned stone-carved monoliths found here give testament to the amazing artistic talents

of these people. Much here still remains a mystery, but when you walk around the site,

it's exciting to imagine what life must have been like here for the Tiwanaku.

Potos, Bolivia: Once one of the richest cities in the world, and now one of the poorest,

Potos is a fascinating but tragic place. A silver mining town that once bankrolled the

Spanish Empire, Potos is a high-altitude relic featuring beautiful church architecture and

primitive mining, both of which you can experience firsthand.

Braslia, Brazil: Built from scratch in a matter of years on the red soil of the dry cerrado,

Braslia is an oasis of modernism in Brazil's interior. Marvel at the clean lines and

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functional forms and admire some of the best modern architecture in the world.

Pelourinho, Brazil: The restored historical center of Salvador is a treasure trove of

baroque churches, colorful colonial architecture, steep cobblestone streets, and large

squares.

San Pedro de Atacama, Chiu Chiu, and Caspana, Chile: The driest desert in the world

has one perk: Everything deteriorates very, very slowly. This is good news for travelers

in search of the architectural roots of Chile, where villages such as San Pedro, Chiu Chiu,

and Caspana boast equally impressive examples of 17th-century colonial adobe buildings

and the sun-baked ruins of the Atacama Indian culture; some sites date from 800 B.C.

Highlights undoubtedly are the enchanting, crumbling San Francisco Church of Chiu

Chiu and the labyrinthine streets of the indigenous fort Pukar de Lasana.

Chilo Island, Chile: Chilo's historical appeal is in large part derived from the fact that

many citizens live much as they did 200 years ago, tilling fields with an ox and a plow,

plying the coves with rickety wooden fishing skiffs, and hand-knitting sweaters to keep

out the cold. Chilo is home to a rare display of antique ecclesiastical architecture in the

form of hundreds of 17th- and 18th-century wooden churches, two dozen of which were

recently named a World Patrimony by UNESCO.

Cartagena, Colombia: Declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984, the old-walled

city of Cartagena is the greatest living outdoor museum dedicated to Spanish colonial

history. A walk through one of Cartagena's narrow, cobblestone streets, complete with

centuries-old Spanish mansions, flower-strewn balconies, and horse-drawn carriages

showing tourists around town, might make you feel as if you've stepped onto the set of a

colonial-era telenovela. Best of all, the fines attractions -- the plazas, the fortress, and

most of the churches -- are free.

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Quito's Old Town, Ecuador: When you walk around old Quito, you will feel as if you

have stepped back in time. The oldest church here dates from 1535, and it's still

magnificent. La Compaia de Jess only dates from 1765, but it is one of the most

impressive baroque structures in all of South America. It's rare to find a city with so

many charming colonial-style buildings. When you wander through the streets, it really

seems as if you are walking through an outdoor museum.

The Nasca Lines, Peru: One of South America's great enigmas are the ancient, baffling

lines etched into the desert sands along Peru's southern coast. There are trapezoids and

triangles, identifiable shapes of animal and plant figures, and more than 10,000 lines that

can only really be seen from the air. Variously thought to be signs from the gods,

agricultural and astronomical calendars, or even extraterrestrial airstrips, the Nasca Lines

were constructed between 300 B.C. and A.D. 700.

Cusco, Peru: Cusco, the ancient Inca capital, is a living museum of Peruvian history,

with Spanish colonial churches and mansions sitting atop perfectly constructed Inca walls

of exquisitely carved granite blocks that fit together without mortar. In the hills above the

city lie more terrific examples of Inca masonry: the zigzagged defensive walls of

Sacsayhuamn and the smaller ruins of Q'enko, Puca Pucara, and Tambomachay.

Iglesia de San Francisco, Caracas, Venezuela: This is the church where Simn Bolvar

was proclaimed El Libertador in 1813 and the site of his massive funeral in 1842 -- the

year his remains were brought back from Colombia some 12 years after his death. Begun

in 1575, the church shows the architectural influences of various periods and styles, but

retains much of its colonial-era charm.

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Current world issues:

FARC rebe ls k i l l e ight Colombian po l ice

The Colombian President has promised swift response following a FARC attack on apolice barracks near the border with Ecuador.

Published date: 11 Sep 2010

Earthquake southern Peru:

A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck southern Peru, approximately 125kms northwest of

Juliaca (department of Puno) on 13.09.10 at 02:15 local time. The depth of the

earthquake was 177 kms; there are currently no reports of any damage or casualties.

Yel low Fever - Bo l iv ia :

The Bolivian Government is now asking that foreigners traveling to areas away from the

altiplano should have valid Yellow Fever certificates.

Spanish po l ice crack suspected FARC money launder ing

r i n g :

Forty one people have been arrested in Spain on suspicion of laundering illegal drugs,

trade money and wiring some of it to members of the Colombian rebel group FARC.

Police said they were alerted when unusually large money transfers were detected going

from Spain to Colombia and Ecuador.

The arrests were the result of "Operacin Espejo" (Operation Mirror), headed by judge

Pablo Ruz and a team of Spanish, Colombian and Ecuadorian police.

Spanish police said that the uprising among forces in Ecuador had complicated the final

stages of the investigation, but that their inquiries were continuing.

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Spain's Interior Ministry said that since investigations began in August 2008, some 200

million (174 million) has been transferred, with 12 FARC members among the

beneficiaries.

More than 250 agents, some with sniffer dogs specialized in banknote detection, were

involved in the arrests that took place in 13 Spanish cities including Madrid, Barcelona

and Zaragoza.

Some 27 addresses were raided and more than 150,000 (130,000) in cash and 550

pounds of cocaine were seized.

Spanish press reported that the arrests were an offshoot of "Operation Cali" against

Colombian criminals, which resulted in the July 2008 detention of Mara Remedios

Garca Albert, the alleged head of FARC in Spain.

*Cited at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8038684/Spanish-

police-crack-suspected-FARC-money-laundering-ring.html

Accessed date: 04/10/2010 Published: 2:03PM BST 02 Oct 2010

Ecuador in state of emergency after troops rescue 'kidnapped' president (a

failed attempt of coup):

Army Special Forces stormed the hospital where Mr. Correa was being held and rescued

him after a tense standoff that left at least two policemen dead, and dozens of police and

civilians injured.

A defiant Mr. Correa condemned the police rebellion as an attempted coup.

"We will never accept negotiation under pressure, but only dialogue," he said.

Mr. Correa called the renegade policemen "cowards", claiming they had not even read the

law they were opposing, and vowed that there would be "no pardon or forgiveness". The

new law would reduce their benefits and limit salary increases.

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Freddy Martinez, the police commander, resigned on Friday and police began talks with

Lenin Moreno, the vice-president, to resolve the pay dispute.

Mr. Correa, who was attacked with teargas on Thursday, blamed supporters of Lucio

Gutierrez, the former president of Ecuador, for the attempted coup.

Mr. Gutierrez, who was himself overthrown in a coup in April, 2005, denied involvement

and accused Mr. Correa of leading a "totalitarian government that doesn't respect the

human rights of Ecuadorians".

South American leaders held an emergency meeting in Buenos Aires on Friday and

pledged support for Mr. Correa.

Meanwhile, the British Foreign Office advised Britons in Ecuador to "remain indoors"

and tourists were advised to consider postponing visits.

Ecuador is a politically unstable country and has seen seven presidents in the past 13

years, with three overthrown in coups.

Mr. Correa, a close ally of Venezuela's Left-wing President Hugo Chavez and Bolivia's

President Evo Morales, is pushing through a "citizen's revolution" in a nation where 35

per cent of people live below the poverty line.

He has increased social security benefits, introduced a minimum wage and invested in

health, education and transport.

He has also doubled police salaries, but a budget deficit has forced cuts, among them

police bonus payments, a decision which triggered the current crisis.

Mr. Correa was on Friday reportedly considering dissolving the assembly and ruling by

decree until fresh elections are held. His opponents have accused him of trying to

suppress freedom of expression with takeovers of TV stations and newspapers as well as

new legislation to place controls on media coverage.

After dozens of robberies were reported during the strike on Thursday, police units were

deployed on Friday and claimed to have made several arrests of criminal gangs, but the

security situation on Friday was far from stable. Schools and universities remained closed

on Friday and many Ecuadorians stayed at home, fearful of the lawless environment.

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Ecuador's police chief resigned on Friday and the country remained in a state of

emergency one day after an uprising by officers who held President Rafael Correa for

more than 10 hours.

*Cited at:

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/ecuador/8037464/Ecuador-in-

state-of-emergency-after-troops-rescue-kidnapped-president.html

Accessed date: 04/10/2010 Published: 6:03PM BST 01 Oct 2010

At leas t 20 people are miss ing fo l lowing a lands l ide in

northwestern Colombia on Monday:

Heavy rains have battered the mountainous region some 155 miles northwest of the

Colombian capital of Bogot, forcing rescue workers to call off the search until this

morning.

Residents and rescue workers said that a group of people had been changing buses in an

effort to get across a first landslide when a larger collapse buried them.

"Initially, it was believed that there were thirty people involved in the second landslide.But it has come to light that people were changing vehicles when it occurred, so in order

to be more concrete, and to request the correct amount of resources that we will need, we

are first verifying how many people approximately are in the mudslide," paramedic

Gilberto Mazo said.

Meanwhile, in another part of western Colombia another mudslide brought about more

tragedy, killing four people, including two children, when the mud buried a home.

Rescuers have evacuated 14 other homes in the area to avoid similar incidents.

*Cited at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8029215/Moment-Colombian-

hillside-collapsed-caught-on-camera.html Accessed date- 05/10/2010

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Former Marxis t guer i l la po i sed to become Braz i l ' s f i r s t

woman pres ident :

A former Marxist guerilla is poised to become Brazil's first woman president and join the

growing list of female leaders in Latin America.

Dilma Rousseff, who spent nearly three years in jail during her country's years of military

dictatorship and was tortured behind bars, appears to be on course to secure victory in

Sunday's election.

A series of polls in recent days have suggested that Ms Rousseff, 62, may narrowly pass

the 50 per cent of the vote she needs to be elected outright.

Some analysts have predicted that she could fall marginally short but her lead of around

20 percentage-points over her main rival Jose Serra, of the opposition PDSB party, means

she would expect a comfortable victory in a run-off at the end of the month.

She would join Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, the current president of Argentina, and

Michelle Bachelet, who served as Chile's first woman president from 2006 until March

this year, as recent women leaders in South America.

Costa Rica also elected its first woman president, Laura Chinchilla, earlier this year.

The daughter of a Bulgarian immigrant father and a teacher, Ms Rousseff comes from a

middle-class background but was active in guerilla groups that fought Brazil's military

dictatorship, which held power from 1964 to 1985.

She was jailed in 1970 and subjected to electric shocks during her sentence before being

released at the end of 1972.

After her release Ms Rousseff studied economics and established herself as a career civil

servant. She served as energy minister under the outgoing President Luiz Inacio Lula da

Silva before becoming his chief of staff.

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Her campaign has benefited hugely from her association with Mr. Lula, the man referred

to as "the most popular politician on earth" by President Barack Obama.

But her poll ratings have dipped from a peak of 57 per cent two weeks ago after

campaign aides were accused of leaking Mr. Serra's tax records and Erenice Guerra, her

replacement as cabinet chief, was forced to step down amid a corruption scandal.

Ms Rousseff, who survived lymphatic cancer last year, has taken to calling on members

of her ruling Workers Party to "get into the streets to grab each vote."

Mr. Serra has attacked the Workers Party over Brazil's close relations with Iran and by

claiming that the country's "mega over-valued" currency was hurting exports but has

struggled to make any significant inroads into Ms Rousseff's lead.

*Cited at:

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8037653/Former-

Marxist-guerilla-poised-to-become-Brazils-first-woman-president.html

Accessed date: 04/10/2010

Chi le miners could be rescued one month ear l i er than

expected a f ter surge in dr i l l ing:The 33 miners trapped underground in Chile could be rescued in as little as two weeks

after rescuers reported that a drill being used to bore through the solid rock above them

was advancing twice as quickly as expected.

The drill reached a depth of 984ft - nearly halfway to its goal - after advancing 243ft in a

single day.

The Chilean government has said the miners are likely to be brought out in early

November.

But rescuers at the scene told the miners families on Wednesday that they could be free

nearly a month ahead of the official schedule.

They said preparations for the rescue effort on the surface would be ready by Oct 12.

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Families keeping watch at the San Jose mine in the Atacama Desert shouted Viva Chile

as they were told the news.

At its current pace, barring complications, the US-made T-130 drill could break through

to the miners in about five more days, and the shaft could be reinforced with a metal

sleeve even before Oct 12.

The drill is one of three being used to dig potential escape routes for the miners.

A rescue capsule has already arrived, but workers still need to attach it to a huge spool of

steel cable.

The 925lb capsule, painted in the colors of the Chilean flag, is 21 inches wide and will

bring the miners to the surface one at a time.

Alberto Segovia, whose brother Dario is trapped, said: Were happy for this depth they

reached. We needed just this kind of attitude. The men have been trapped 2,257 feet

underground since Aug 5 when the roof of the mine collapsed.

Urging caution, rescue operations Chief Andre Sougarret said there could still be

problems and he was planning for a rescue in early November.

*Cited at:

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-

could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.html


Sinopec to Invest $7.1 Billion in Repsol Brazil Unit:

China Petrochemical Corp., the countrys second-largest oil and gas producer, will invest

$7.1 billion in Repsol YPF SAs Brazilian unit as the Spanish oil company raises funds to

develop offshore projects.

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Sinopec Group, as the company is known, will buy new shares in the Brazilian unit and

will hold 40 percent of that division after the capital increase, Madrid-based Repsol said

today in a statement. Shares in Repsol, which previously planned an initial public

offering of the unit, jumped to a two-year high.

The acquisition is the second-largest overseas purchase by a Chinese company as the

worlds biggest energy consumer snaps up fields to meet surging demand. Repsol has

stakes in blocks in Brazils Santos and Espirito Santo basins and plans to invest as much

as $14 billion there through 2019. It estimates the Guara and Carioca fields may hold as

much as 3 billion barrels.

*Cited at: http://blogsouthamericanews.blogspot.com

Published at: Friday, October 1, 2010 Accessed date: 04/10/2010

Peru president closes border with Ecuador due to unrest:

Peruvian President Alan Garcia has ordered the immediate closure of the nation's border

with neighboring Ecuador, where unrest erupted with troops taking control of the main

airport.

Most police and some rank-and-file military officers were refusing to obey orders in a

large part of Ecuador and had taken control of the largest police barracks in the capitaland the airport.

The mutiny spread quickly to the rest of Ecuador. Several roads were blocked, local and

international flights were cancelled and banks closed as police officers left their positions

on traffic patrol, streets, airports and other key sites, dpa reported.


Published at: Thursday, September 30, 2010 Accessed date: 05/10/2010

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Bolivia Prices May Rise Less Than Banks Forecast:

Bolivian inflation may quicken less than the central banks 2010 forecast as a surge in

consumer prices last month was driven by a temporary supply shock due to extreme

weather, Finance Minister Luis Arce said.

Since ending 2009 at 0.3 percent, consumer prices in the $17 billion economy quickened

in the first half of 2010 before a surge in July and August accelerated the annual rate up

to 2.6 percent. Last months 1.06 percent price rise was the biggest increase since June

2008, the government reported Sept 3.

The central bank, which forecast 4.5 percent inflation, plus or minus 1 percentage point,

in its January Monetary Policy Report, in July trimmed that to 4 percent. Arce said he is

confident inflation will not rise above 4 percent in 2010.


Published at: Sunday, September 26, 2010 Accessed date: 05/10/2010

References:

www.wikipedia.com

Whitakers World of Facts (The book-2007th Edition) by Russell Ash

Concise Atlas of the world (The book)2008 th Edition

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/

Accessed date-03/10/2010

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8038684/Spanish-

police-crack-suspected-FARC-money-laundering-ring.html


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/ecuador/8037464/Ecu

ador-in-state-of-emergency-after-troops-rescue-kidnapped-president.html

Accessed date: 04/10/2010 34
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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8029215/Moment-Colombian-

hillside-collapsed-caught-on-camera.html Accessed date- 05/10/2010

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8037653/Forme

r-Marxist-guerilla-poised-to-become-Brazils-first-woman-president.html


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-

miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-

drilling.html Accessed date: 04/10/2010

http://blogsouthamericanews.blogspot.com

Published at: Friday, October 1, 2010 Accessed date: 04/10/2010


Published at: Thursday, September 30, 2010 Accessed date: 05/10/2010


Published at: Sunday, September 26, 2010 Accessed date: 05/10/2010

Geography of Bangladesh by Haroun-er-Rashid : University Press Ltd( The

book)
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8029215/Moment-Colombian-hillside-collapsed-caught-on-camera.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8029215/Moment-Colombian-hillside-collapsed-caught-on-camera.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8037653/Former-Marxist-guerilla-poised-to-become-Brazils-first-woman-president.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8037653/Former-Marxist-guerilla-poised-to-become-Brazils-first-woman-president.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.htmlhttp://blogsouthamericanews.blogspot.com/http://blogsouthamericanews.blogspot.com/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8029215/Moment-Colombian-hillside-collapsed-caught-on-camera.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/8029215/Moment-Colombian-hillside-collapsed-caught-on-camera.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8037653/Former-Marxist-guerilla-poised-to-become-Brazils-first-woman-president.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8037653/Former-Marxist-guerilla-poised-to-become-Brazils-first-woman-president.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/chile/8031870/Chile-miners-could-be-rescued-one-month-earlier-than-expected-after-surge-in-drilling.htmlhttp://blogsouthamericanews.blogspot.com/http://blogsouthamericanews.blogspot.com/


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introduction to south final)

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