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Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology

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Introduction to Psychology

Social Psychology

The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations

How the situation shapes our behavior

Attribution

The process of making inferences about the causes of one’s own or others’ behavior

External and Internal Attributions

Page 4: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

External and Internal Attributions

External: attributing behavior to causes outside of the person (the situation)

Internal: attributing behavior to causes within the person (one’s personality)

Page 5: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes

We tend to attribute our negative behaviors to external causes, not our personality

Page 6: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Social Comparison Theory

Festiger

We compare ourselves to others to evaluate our actions, opinions, and abilities

Page 7: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Upward and Downward Comparisons

Upward: comparing ourselves with someone who ranks higher For self-improvement

Downward: comparing ourselves with someone who ranks lower For self-esteem

Page 8: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Social Influence

Conformity

Asch line study

1 student was tested, 6 confederates

75% yielded at least once

Page 9: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Diffusion of Responsibility

We don’t act because we believe that others will or should intervene

Kitty Genovese: 38 witnesses

Page 10: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Diffusion of Responsibility

We are more likely to act when: We are the only person there to help

Personal responsibility diminishes most when there are:

few victims, and if we don’t know them many potential helpers

Page 11: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Diffusion of Responsibility We intervene when we feel more

competent

The bystander effect: when the presence of others inhibits helping

**explicitly assign responsibility to individuals

Page 12: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Pluralistic Ignorance

When a bystander checks the reactions of others to determine how to respond

Interpreting emergencies Asking for clarification in the

classroom

Page 13: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Belief in a Just World

A belief that people get what they deserve; bad things do not happen to good people

To protect our sense of invulnerability

Can lead to blaming the victim

Page 14: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Belief in a Just World

Individuals with a strong belief in a just world:

Tend to be less charitable

Help with injustices only when they can be quickly rectified

Page 15: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Altruism:When do we help?

Good mood effect

Negative state relief

Page 16: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Interpersonal Attraction Physical proximity: increases the

frequency of contact between people

Similarity: similar people are attracted to each other

Self-disclosure: moderate disclosure leads to reciprocity; too much is problematic

Page 17: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Halo Effect

Halo effect: when we generalize a favorable impression to other, unrelated qualities

Often with beauty: what is beautiful is good

Page 18: Introduction to Psychology Social Psychology. The study of how we behave, think, and feel in social situations How the situation shapes our behavior

Obedience: Stanley Milgram

To study obedience to authority

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