introduction to psy 101.ppt

8/10/2019 Introduction to PSY 101.ppt

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INTRODUCTION T0

PSY 101

General Psychologywith Drug Abuse

Education


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Mr. Jerwin A. Gutierrez, MAEdSci

Faculty Member

University of Batangas Lipa City

CHAPTER 1

The Nature of

Psychology

by:

Prof. Jerwin A.Gutierrez, MAEdSci


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What is Psychology?

derived from two Greek wordspsyche

meaning soul and logos meaning

study

* The modern meaning ofpsychois mind

and -logy is science, thus psychology

literally means the science of the mind.

(Carlson, 2007)


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What is Psychology?

the scientific study of behavior that is

tested through scientific research

the scientific study of human and animal

behavior and mental processes in contexts

an academic and applied discipline that

involves the scientific study of mental

functions and behaviors


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the science of human behavior and mentalprocesses.

Behavior is anything we do

overt actions and reactions

Mental processes are our internal experiences

thoughts, feelings, memories

What is Psychology?


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Behavior- any response or activity of an organism. It can either be

simple or complex; overt or covert; conscious orunconscious; voluntary or involuntary; rational or

irrational.

Overt- observable behavior

Covert- private mental processes that cannot be directlyobserved or measured and must be inferred from overt

behavior


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Why Psychology Is So

Important?

The subject studies the mental processes

and behavior of people.

It can be applied to various areas of the lifeof a human.

Everything a person does is connected to

the subject.


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Why Psychology Is So

Important?

In its primary form, psychology studies a

personwho and what they areit looks

into why they act and think the way they doand how someone can improve himself.

Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate

common beliefs and misconceptions aboutbehavior and mental processes.


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Goals of Psychologyto Understand (why people act the way

they do)to Explain (what caused that behavior)

to Describe (as how individuals differ

when observed in the same events)to Predict (behavior which an event islikely to occur)

to Control (so as to prevent unwanted

consequences that may bring aboutundesirable outcomes)


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What is a Psychologist?

Psychologists - is a scientist who studiesthe mind and behavior of humans and

animals

Psychiatry - is a branch of medicine thatdeals with mental, emotional, or behavioral

disorders

These two professions are usuallyconfused


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Main Branches / Fields of

Psychology

1. Developmental Psychology The study of

human development and the factors that shape

behavior form birth to old age.


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2. Social PsychologyThe study of how people

think about, influence, relate with one another, andthe ways interaction with other people influenceattitudes and behavior.

3. Personality PsychologyThe study ofindividual differences.


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4. Clinical PsychologyThe study of the diagnosis

and treatment of emotional and behavioralproblems (mental illness, drug addiction, marital

and family conflict).


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5. Counseling PsychologyThe study that deals

with personal problems such as academics, social

or vocational problems; counseling psychologistsdeal with less serious problems compared to clinical

psychologists.


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6. School and Educational PsychologyThe study

that deals with the evaluation of learning and

emotional problems of individual in school.


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7. Industrial/Organizational PsychologyThe

study involving the selection of people most suitablefor particular jobs, the development of training

programs in organization, and the identification of

determinants of consumer behavior.


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8. Environmental PsychologyThe study that deals

with the relationship between humans and the

environment.


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9. Behavioral Neuroscience The study that

employs the biological perspective, seeking todiscover the relationships between biological

processes and behavior.


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10. Experimental Psychology The study that

employs the behavioral and cognitive perspective

as well as the experimental method in studying how

people react to sensory stimuli, perceive the world,

learn and remember, and respond.


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11. Forensic Psychologythe study that applies

psychology to the law and legal proceedings.


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12. Sports Psychology The study that applies

theories and knowledge in psychology to enhance

athletesand coachesperformance.


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13. Health PsychologyThe study of the cognitive,

affective, behavioral, and interpersonal factorsaffecting health and illness.


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14. Cross-Cultural Psychology -

investigates the similarities anddifferences in psychological

functioning in and across various

cultures and ethnic groups.15. Behavioral Genetics - studies the

inheritance of traits related to behavior


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16. Cognitive psychology - focuses on the

study of higher mental processes

17. Evolutionary psychology - considers

how behavior is influenced by our genetic

inheritance from our ancestors.

18. Psychology of Women - focuses onissues such as discrimination against

women and the causes of violence against

women


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Important People in the

Development of Psychology


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1. Wilhelm Wundt considered as the Father of Modern

Psychology.

established the first experimental laboratory

for the study of Psychology, in Leipzig,

Germany, 1879. Leipzig, Germany

created a machine that measured the time

lag between peoples hearing a ball hit the

platform and their pressing a telegraph key.

Wundt has seeking to measure the atoms of

the mind the fastest and simplest mental

processes.Wilhelm Wundt (18321920)


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2. William James published Principles of

psychology which promotes

functionalsim

functionalists focused on the

purpose of consciousness and

behavior

functionalism emphasized

individual differences, which had a

profound impact on education

William James11 .01.1842 - 26 .08. 1910


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3. Mary Calkins American philosopher and

psychologist.

the first woman to becomepresident of the American

Psychological Association.

established a laboratory for

psychology at Wellesley in

1891.

Mary Whiton Calkins(30 March 186326 February 1930)


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4. Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician that focused on illness

Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective

Developed the Use of "Talk Therapy"

Believed that abnormal behavior originated

from unconscious drives and conflicts

Psychoanalysts believe that childhood

events and unconscious feelings, thoughts

and motivations play a role in mental illness

and maladaptive behaviors.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)


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PsychoanalysisPersonality is composed of three elements:

ID- includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors, id

is driven by the pleasure principle

EGO- is responsible for dealing with reality, and is

driven by the reality principle, which strives to satisfy

the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate

ways

SUPEREGO- holds all of our internalized moral

standards that we acquire from both parents and

society - our sense of right and wrong


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5. Ivan Pavlov Behaviorist

Russian physiologist

Pavlov's research on the digestive

systems of dogs led to his discovery of

the classical conditioning process, which

demonstrated that behaviors could be

learned via conditioned associations. Emphasized the study of observable

behaviors

Ivan Pavlov, 18491936


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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING


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6. John B. Watson

Founder of Behaviorism

Studied only observable and

objectively described acts

Emphasized objective and

scientific methodology

Believed consciousness

was irrelevant to psychology

John B. Watson (18781958)


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7. Erik Erikson known for his theory on

psychosocial development of

human beings.

most famous for coining the

phrase identity crisis.

His son, Kai T. Erikson, is a

noted American sociologist Erik Erikson

(15 June 190212 May 1994)


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8. Abraham Maslow

American psychologist who was

best known for creating Maslow's

hierarchy of needs

stressed the importance of

focusing on the positive qualities

in people, as opposed to treating

them as a "bag of symptoms.Abraham Maslow

(April 1, 1908June 8, 1970)


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9. Carl Rogers

an influential American psychologist and among

the founders of the humanistic approach(or client-

centered approach) to psychology.

considered to be one of the founding fathers ofpsychotherapy research

honored for his pioneering research with the

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions

by the American Psychological Association (APA)

in 1956.Carl Rogers

(19021987)


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10. Albert Bandura

known as the originator

of social learning theory and

the theoretical construct

of self-efficacy

responsible for the influential

1961 Bobo doll experiment.Albert Bandura

(December 4, 1925present)


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Aristotle (384322 BC)

* made assumptions out of observation regarding humanbehavior.

* believed that all beings, humans included, have souls,which animate them. Humans, however, compared to

other animal, have rationalsouls. Thus, humans are not

only, physical, but also rational. He also theorized about

learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception andpersonality.


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Rene Descartes(15961650)

introduced the concept of reflexaction

* supported the view that humans

enter the world with an inbornstore of knowledge. He arguedthat some ideas (such as God,the self, perfection and infinity)are innate. He is also notable forhis conception of the body as amachine that can be studied.

J h L k


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John Locke

(16321704)

- Believed that at

birth the human

mind is atabula

rasa or a blank

slate, on which

experience writes

knowledge.

Ch l D i


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Charles Darwin

(18091882)

He is the author of the Law of

Natural Selection or Theory ofEvolution; inspired the

Psychological school of

thought, Functionalism.

F i G lt


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Francis Galton

(18221911)

- He was concerned with the

study of individual

differences.- He was considered as the

Father of Mental tests


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Ernst Weber (17951878);Gustav Fechner;

Herman von Helmholtz (18211894) GermanPhysicians who started experimenting with behavior

through scientific methodologies.

G St l H ll
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G.Stanley Hall

A student of Wundts

who established what

many consider as the

first Americanpsychology laboratory

at Johns Hopkins

University in 1883.


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Hermann Ebbinghaus

- A German who

reported on thefirst experiments

on memory, 1885.


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Edward Lee Thorndike

researches: how cats learn to escape

from puzzle boxes

law of effect, responses that are

immediately followed by a satisfactory

outcome become more strongly

associated with the situation and are

therefore more likely to occur again in

the future.Edward L. Thorndike31.08. 1874 - 9.08.1949.


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Burrhus F. Skinner Behaviorist, famous for his

research on operant conditioning

Focused on learning through

rewards and observation

studied learning and effect of

reinforcement

"The consequences of behavior

determine the probability that the

behavior will occur again" --B. F.

Skinner

B. F. Skinner (19041990)


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Operant conditioning

F d f H i ti


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Carl Rogers

(19021987)

Abraham Maslow

(19081970)

Rollo May

(19091994)

Founders of Humanistic

Psychology


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Humanistic Psychology

humanist thinkers felt that both psychoanalysis and

behaviorism were too pessimistic

emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a

process of growing and developing as a person to achieveindividual potential

healthy person strive to reach his / her own potential

stressed the study of conscious experience and an

individuals free will


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Early dates Greek philosophers:

(Socrates, Plato,

Aristotle)

Studied the nature of the mind, the

soul, the body, and human

experience

17thCentury Rene Descartes Nativist View:

some ideas are innate

John Locke Empiricist View:

Knowledge is acquired through

experiences & interactions with the

world

1869 Sir Francis Galton ofEngland

Studied individual differences> devtofintelligence tests

1879 Wilhelm Wundt Father of Psychology

Established the first psychological

laboratory (Germany @ Leipzig Univ. )

Research: senses (vision), attention,

emotion and memory

1883 G ill St l Fi t A i t fi i h d t l t di


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1883 Granville Stanley

Hall

First American to finish doctoral studies

in psychology

Established the 1stpsychological

laboratory (US @ John Hopkins Univ)

Founded the 1

st

American Journal ofpsychology

1888 James McKeen

Cattell

1stpsychology professor in the US

19thCentury Titchener Structuralism:

Specified mental structures & analyzed the

basic elements of mental life.

Introspection: the examination of ones

own emotional states & mental processes.

William James Functionalism:

Functions of the mind & behavior to adapt

to the environment


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1920s John B. Watson

Ivan Pavlov

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorism:

Only observable behavior should be

studied

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

1912 Max Wertheimer Gestalt Psychology:

Gestalt means formor configuration

thewhole is greater than the sum of its

parts

20thCentury Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis:Human behavior is deeply influenced by

unconscious thoughts, impulses, & desires

(sex & aggression)

Recent devts Herbert Simon

Noam Chomsky

Views humans as information processing

systems

Modern Linguistics: study of how mental

structures are required to comprehend &

speak a language

Neuropsychology:

studies the relationship between

neurobiological events & mental processes

Philippine History of Psychology


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17thCentury Taught in two Phil.

Univ.

Univ. of Sto. Tomas (1stinstitution to

offer undergraduate, masters &

doctoral degrees in Psychology)

Univ. of San Carlos (Cebu)

1926 Agustin Alonzo Head of the 1stDept. of Psychology, at

UP.

1932 Sinforoso Padilla,

Ph.D. (Univ. of

Michigan, 1928)

Established the 1stpsychological clinic at

UP.

Jesus Perpinan,

Ph.D. (Iowa State

Univ, 1933)

Set up the FEU psychological clinic

Elias Bumatay, Ph.D.

Educ Psych (Univ. of

Texas, 1940)

Dean of the College of Education at NU

(National University)

1948

1962

Estefania Aldaba-Lim,

Ph.D. Clinical Psych

(Univ. of Michigan)

Started the psychology program at PWU

Set up the Phil. Psychological Corp.


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1955 Alfredo Lagmay, Ph.D.Experimental Psych

(Harvard Univ., 1955)

Headed the Psychology Dept.of UP (22 yrs)

Mariano Obias, Ph.D.

Comparative & Physiological

Psych (Stanford Univ., 1955)

Led the personnel dept. of Caltex

Phils.

1961 Jaime Bulatao, S.J. Ph.D.

Clinical Psych (Fordham

Univ., 1961)

Established the Dept. of Psych at

ADMU

1962 All pioneers (except for

Bumatay) and Alonzo

Founded the PAP (Psychological

Assoc. of the Phils.)

S h l f Th ht


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Schools of Thought

1. Structuralism (Edward Titchener)

Study of the parts of consciousexperiences through introspection.

Conscious experiences are composed ofsensations, feelings, and images.

Introspectionis a process of studying the

self, or self-examination. Introduced bySt. Thomas of Aquinas.


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2. Functionalism(William James) Defines

behavior or the mental

phenomena in terms of theirfunctionsin mansadjustment

to his environment. It is very

much influenced by Darwins

Theory of Evolution.


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3. Gestalt Psychology

(Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka)

Believed that the human mind imposes meaning torelated experiences. It advocates that the study of

human behavior should be wholistic. The whole is

greater than the sum of its parts.


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4. Behaviorism(John B. Watson)

Emphasized the need to

study what is observable.

Its objective was topredict

and controlbehavior.

S-R Psychology.


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5. Psychoanalysis(Sigmund Freud) Much ofour behavior is governed byunconscious motive and

primitive biological instincts. Itconsidered all humansbasically would like to gain

pleasure and avoid pain.

The Scientific Method


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The Scientific Method The approach used by psychologists to

systematically acquire knowledge andunderstanding about behavior and other

phenomena of interest.

1. Identifying questions of interest,2. Formulating an explanation, (Theories and

Hypotheses)

3. Carrying out research designed to support orrefute the explanation.

Methods Used in Psychology


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Methods Used in Psychology1. Descriptive ResearchAn approach to research

designed to systematically investigate a person,group, or patterns of behavior.

a. Naturalistic Observation - Research in which an

investigator simply observes some naturally

occurring behavior and does not make a change inthe situation

b. Directed Observation (Survey)- Research in

which people chosen to represent a larger

population are asked a series of questions abouttheir behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.


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1. Descriptive ResearchAn approach to research

designed to systematically investigate a person,

group, or patterns of behavior.

c.Archival Research - Research in which existing

data, such as census documents, college records,

and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a

hypothesis.

d. Case Study - An in-depth, intensive investigation

of an individual or small group of people.


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2. Correlational Method - The correlationalmethod involves systematically measuring the

relationship between two or more variables

Correlation Coefficient : +1.00 to -1.00

Positive Correlation

Negative Correlation


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Correlational Method


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3. Experimental Method - Considered as the

most scientific of all methods. The researcherinvestigate a phenomenon by preparing 2

identical groups and altering the conditions of

one of the groups; afterwards, measuring thedifference.

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable


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Experimental Method

C i P h l


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Careers in Psychology

What do psychologists do? And where?

Business

Social and Human Services

Research

Education

Research Laboratories

Clinical and Private Practice Settings


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Experimental Psychologists


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Experimental Psychologists

(usually researchers and professors)

About 1/4thof American Psychologists work incolleges and universities.


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Applied Psychologists

(service providers)

The remaining 3/4thswork in hospitals, clinics,police departments, research institutes,

government agencies, business and industry,schools, nursing homes, counseling centers, and

private practice.


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Perspectives in Psychology

1. Psychodynamic Approach

2. Behavioral Approach

3. Cognitive Approach

4. Biological or Behavioral Neuroscience Approach

5. Phenomenological or Humanistic Approach

6. Sociocultural Approach

7. Evolutionary Psychology Approach

1 P h d i A h


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1. Psychodynamic Approach

Developed by Sigmund Freud

States that much of our behaviorstems from unconscious processes,

conflict between biological instincts &societys demands, and early familyexperiences.

Basis for the therapeutic approachcalled psychoanalysis


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2. Behavioral Approach

John B. Watson: father of Behaviorism

Behaviorsare activities of people or other organisms that

can be observed by others.

States that when we attempt to understand an event,

we need to look at the observable behaviors & their

environmental determinants.


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3. Cognitive Approach

Concerned with mental processes, such

as perceiving, remembering, reasoning,

deciding, and problem solving.

States that Only by studying mental

processes can we fully understand what

people do.

4. Biological


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4. Biological

Approach

Concerned with how the brain and nervous system underlie

behavior & mental processes.

Attempts to relate behavior to electrical and chemical events taking

place inside the body

The Nervous System (brain) and the Endocrine System are studied

to determine the biological causes of behavior.

5 Phenomenological or Humanistic


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5. Phenomenological or Humanistic

Approach

Focuses on the subjective andpersonal experience of events(Individual Phenomenology) , andon the need for personal growth.

Concerned with describing theinner life and experiences ofindividuals, rather than developing

theories or predicting behaviors.


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6. Sociocultural

Approach Studies the ways by which social and cultural

environments influence behavior

A persons cultural context should be considered in order

to understand behavior.

Focuses on comparing behaviors across countries as

well as across cultures within a country.

7 E l ti P h l


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7. Evolutionary Psychology

Emphasizes the importance of adaptation,reproduction, and survival of the fittest in

explaining behavior.

Focuses on the conditions that allow

people to fail or survive.


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Can you identify whichof the beliefs on the

following slides are trueor false?


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1. The best way to learnand remember information

is to cram, or study itintensively during one

concentrated period.


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1. FALSE!This is the worst way to prepare for an

exam! Dont confuse this for a quicker

method of study- students who cram often

perform more poorly than those who do

not study at all!


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2. Advertisers andpoliticians often use

subliminal persuasion toinfluence our behavior.


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2. FALSE!

This is a psychology urban legend!Although we will discuss the influence of

sensation and perception below our

threshold of awareness.


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3. Punishment is the mosteffective way to

permanently changebehavior.


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3. FALSE!

We will examine this ineffective practice

when we begin our study of learning!Think about the prison systema large

scale example of punishmentdoes it

work?


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4. Eyewitness testimony is

often unreliable.


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4. TRUE!

Our memories are very fragile and subjectto many variables. We will examine the

influence of memory formation during this

semester.


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5. Police often use

psychics to help solve

crimes.


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5. FALSE!

Its important to recognize the differencebetween psychology and

pseudopsychology, which includes the

area of psychics.


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6. People with

schizophrenia have two or

more distinct personalities.


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6. FALSE!This disorder is very misunderstood

among the general public. People oftenconfuse this disorder with Multiple

Personality Disorder, now known as

Dissociative Identity Disorder


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How did you do?This quiz was a brief illustration of how

psychological information is often misunderstood.

Psychology is NOT limited to common sense

information.

We will examine each of these questions in detail

through the course of this class

Assignment:


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M J i A G i MAEdS i

Assignment:

Answer Activity No. 2 on pages

21-22 (Test I.IV. only).

Be ready for a short quiz onChapter 1 The Nature of

Psychology

introduction to psy 101.ppt

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