1. Hari Prasad Kaphle Assistant Professor (Public Health) Pokhara University 1Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 2. Introduction Planning is the process of determining the future course of action i.e. what action, why an action, how to take action, when to take action, who is responsible for that action. These why, what, how and when are related with different aspects of planning process. Planning is a future oriented process of setting goal/objective/target and choosing the best way to achieve these goals 2Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 3. Introduction Planning includes the determination of specific objectives, determination of project and programme, setting policies and strategies, rules and procedures and preparing budget. Planning also can be viewed as looking for the most appropriate way to go from the current situation to the desired situation. 3Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 4. Definition Planning can be defined as the process of deciding how the future should be better than the present, what changes are necessary to make these improvements and how these changes should be implemented. Brotherston (1974) Planning may be broadly defined as a concept of executive action that embodies the skill of anticipating, influencing, and controlling the nature and direction of change. - Mc Farland (1974) 4Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 5. Definition Planning is the selection and relating of facts and making and using of assumptions regarding the future in the visualization of proposed activities believed necessary to achieve desired result. - George R Terry (1998) A plan is a commitment to a particular course of action considered necessary or desirable to achieve specific results. 5Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 6. Health Planning Health planning is defined as the orderly process of defining community health problems, identifying unmet needs of people and surveying the resources to meet the established priority goals that are realistic and feasible and projecting administrative actions to accomplish the purpose of the proposed programs. 6Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 7. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is goal-oriented. Planning is made to achieve desired objective of business. The goals established should general acceptance otherwise individual efforts & energies will go misguided and misdirected. Planning identifies the action that would lead to desired goals quickly & economically. It provides sense of direction to various activities. 7Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 8. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is an intellectual process. Planning is a mental exercise involving creative thinking, sound judgment and imagination. It is not a mere guesswork but a rotational thinking. A manager can prepare sound plans only if he has sound judgment, foresight and imagination. Planning is always based on goals, facts and considered estimates. 8Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 9. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is looking ahead (futuristic). Planning is concerned with looking into the future. It contains something that is going to do in future. It requires peeping in future, analyzing it and predicting it. Thus planning is based on forecasting. A plan is a synthesis of forecast. It is a mental predisposition for things to happen in future. 9Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 10. Characteristics/features of planning Planning involves choice & decision making. Planning essentially involves choice among various alternatives. Therefore, if there is only one possible course of action, there is no need planning because there is no choice. Thus, decision making is an integral part of planning. A manager is surrounded by number of alternatives. He has to pick the best depending upon requirements & resources of the enterprises. 10Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 11. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is the primary function of management (primacy of planning). Planning lays foundation for other functions of management. It serves as a guide for organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. All the functions of management are performed within the framework of plans laid out by planning. Therefore planning is the basic or fundamental function of management. 11Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 12. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is a continuous process of management. Planning is a never ending function due to the dynamic business environment. Plans are also prepared for specific period of time and at the end of that period, plans are subjected to reevaluation and review in the light of new requirements and changing conditions for further planning. 12Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 13. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is all pervasive. It is required at all levels of management and in all departments of an enterprise. But, the scope of planning may differ from one level to another. The top level may be more concerned about planning the organization as a whole whereas the middle level may be more specific in departmental plans and the lower level plans implementation of the same. 13Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 14. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is designed for efficiency. Planning leads to accomplishment of objectives at the minimum possible cost. It avoids wastage of resources and ensures adequate and optimum utilization of resources. A plan is worthless or useless if it does not value the cost incurred on it. Therefore planning must lead to saving of time, effort and money. Planning leads to proper utilization of men, money, materials, methods and machines. 14Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 15. Characteristics/features of planning Planning is flexible. Planning is done for the future. Since future is unpredictable, planning must provide enough room to cope with the changes in customers demand, competition, government policies etc. Under changed circumstances, the original plan of action must be revised and updated to make it more practical 15Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 16. 16Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 17. Elements of Planning Vision Statement: Vision represents the imagination of future events and prepares the organization for it. It is a mental perception of a kind of environment a person/organization desires to create in future. A Vision Statement states that What do we want to become in future (e.g. in next 5yerars, 10 years, 20 years and so on). 17Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 18. Elements of Planning Vision Statement Mission Statement Goal Objectives Targets Policies Strategies Activities 18Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle Programme Project Procedure/SOP Rules Schedule/Work plan Budget 19. Elements of Planning Vision Statement: Developing a vision statement is the first step in strategic planning. Most of the vision statements are written in single sentence. A world Free of TB, Feed the hungry serve the nation, Global excellence in health care, Getting to zero: Zero infection, zero transmission etc. 19Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 20. Elements of Planning Mission Statement: Mission is the purpose or reason of existence of an organization. It tells what an organization providing to society- a product or service? A mission statement identifies the scope of a firms operation in product and market terms. It addresses the basic question that feels all strategists. What is our business? 20Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 21. Elements of Planning Mission Statement: A clear mission Statement discusses the values and priorities of an organization. A mission statement broadly charts the future directions of an organization. The mission statements are quite longer than vision statement . It should not be too long and too short. It should be long enough to cover everything, but short enough to be attractive. 21Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 22. Elements of Planning Apollo Hospital Vision: 'Touch a Billion Lives'. Mission: Our mission is to bring healthcare of International standards within the reach of every individual. We are committed to the achievement and maintenance of excellence in education, research and healthcare for the benefit of humanity. 22Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 23. Elements of Planning CDC: Global Immunization Division Vision Statement: A world without vaccine- preventable disease, disability, and death Mission Statement: To protect the health of global citizens by preventing disease, disability, and death through immunization 23Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 24. Elements of Planning Nepal Health Sector Programme II Vision: Improve the health and nutritional status of the Nepalese population and provide an equal opportunity for all to receive quality health care services affordably or free of charge, thereby contributing to poverty alleviation. 24Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 25. Elements of Planning Nepal Health Sector Programme II Mission: Promote the health of Nepals people by facilitating access to and utilization of essential health care and other health services, emphasizing services to women, children, the poor and excluded, and changing the dangerous lifestyles and behavior of the Most-at-risk Populations (MARPs) through Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) interventions. 25Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 26. Elements of Planning Goal: Goal is an ultimate desired state towards which objectives and resources are aimed. Goal is broad and generalized, is not time constrained or bounded. It is formulated at high level and is described in terms of: What is to be attained? Extent to which it should be attained? What to be achieved? Population or section or environment concerned Geographical area of concerned one, the length of time to achieve goals. 26Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 27. Elements of Planning National policy on skilled birth attendants, 2006 Goal: To reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality by ensuring availability, access and utilization of skilled care at every birth. Safe motherhood policy, 1998 Goal: To reduce mortality and morbidity among women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period through the adoption of a combination of health and health related measures. 27Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 28. Elements of Planning National Immunization Programme Goal: To reduce child mortality, morbidity and disability associated with vaccine preventable diseases. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health Goal: to promote the sexual and reproductive health status of adolescents. National Tuberculosis Programme Goal: To reduce mortality, morbidity and transmission of tuberculosis until it is no longer a public health problem 28Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 29. Elements of Planning Objectives: It is a planned end point of activities. Objectives are the statements of what one hopes to achieve or accomplish over a period of time. Objectives can be defined as specific results that an organization seeks to achieve in perusing its basic mission. Objective is the precisely stated end to which efforts are directed, specifying the population outcome, variable to be measured. John M. Last (1995). 29Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 30. Elements of Planning All objectives should be SMART S=Specific (concerned with specific area or activity), M=Measurable (the outcomes can be measured to demonstrate that the objective has been achieved), A=Attainable (the outcome is possible to achieve), R=Realistic (achievable with available resources), T=Time-framed (achievable within the time). We need to constantly review our objectives by measuring the outcomes, so that we can change the way that we are working, if necessary. 30Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 31. Elements of Planning Targets: Targets are the desired end- results of specific activities to be achieved in finite period of time. A target often refers to a discrete activity which permits the concept of degree of achievement. Targets are thus concerned with the factors involved in a problem where as objective are directly concerned with problems itself. 31Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 32. Elements of Planning Safe motherhood policy, 1998 Specific objectives To increase the accessibility, availability and utilization of maternal health care facilities. To strengthen the technical capacity of maternal health care providers at all levels of the health care system. To strengthen referral services for maternity care, particularly at the district level and with specific emphasis on appropriate referral of high-risk cases. To increase the availability and use of contraceptives for child spacing and family planning purposes. To raise public awareness about the importance of the health care of women and in particular, maternal health care and safe motherhood. To improve the legal and socio-economic status of women. 32Introduction to Planning Hari Prasad Kaphle 33. Elements of Planning Safe motherhood policy, 1998 Targets Reduce maternal mortality rate from 850 per 100,000 live birth to 750 by 1996 and to 400 by the year 2000. Increase contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR), with particular focus on spacing methods, from 24% to 30% by 1996 and to 38% by the year 2000. Increase the coverage of antenatal care services from 18% to 25% by 1996 and to 50% by the year 2000. Ensure that at least 25% of all deliveries are attended by trained health workers by 50% by the year 2000. Increase the number of first level referral hospitals with capacity to provide essential obstetric functions from the present number of 14 to 24 by 1996. Reduce anaemia (i.e., Hb