introduction to nanotechnology
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Introduction to Nanotechnology. Module 1 Definition and History of Nanotechnology. We’ve heard of……. Microscopes Microphones Microelectronics Microwaves Microbiology. They all have the same prefix……. “micro”. “Micro” comes from the Greek word that means “one millionth” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Nanotechnology
Module 1Definition and History of
Nanotechnology
We’ve heard of…….• Microscopes
• Microphones
• Microelectronics
• Microwaves
• Microbiology
They all have the same prefix……. “micro”
• “Micro” comes from the Greek word that means “one millionth”
• When this prefix is applied to a length, like a meter, we end up with a length that is one millionth of a meter or 10 -6 m
• Each of the previous objects has some attribute or portion that is of the size of a micrometer (μm)
“nano”• The prefix “nano” comes from the Greek word that means one
billionth
• When the prefix “nano” is applied to a length, like a meter, we have one billionth of a meter, or 10 -9 m or one nanometer (nm)
• Atoms are smaller than 1 nm, DNA is about 2.5 nm across
• Human hair is about 100,000 nm in diameter (not length)
• Molecules are formed by individual atoms that have interactions over a range of a few to tens of nanometers
Nanotechnology is…..
the ability to observe, image, study, measure and manipulate at the molecular and atomic scale.
“Nano” is……. In summary• A prefix that means “1-billionth”
• Can have a billionth of anything:– An inch, a gallon, a liter, a second etc.
• We are familiar with the prefix “micro” – which means 1 millionth– Micro electronics, micro biology– In the case of the application of the prefix micro above – we
are usually referring to a unit of length– Transistors sizes of one-millionth of a meter or looking at
biological molecules and cells that are one-millionth of a meter in size
“Nano” is……. In summary• When we discuss “nano” technology the same is true – we are
often talking about a length scale.
• The unit of interest is the nanometer, with symbol nm
????? So how did it come about?
Source: Images from Microsoft Clip Art
Application of nanoscience is not new!
Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/New_York Cinoa.org
Over the last several decades… Modifications
Improvements New ‘scopes
asmicro.com
hysitron.com
“production technology to get the extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm (nanometer), 10^-9 meter in length"
1981STM invented
1997First company founded: Zyvex
1959Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines building with atomic precision
1974Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining
1985Buckyball discovered1986
AFM invented1989IBM logo spelled in individual atoms
utah.edu
www/rsc.org/chemsoc
www.godunov.com
IBM.Com
Just What is Nanotechnology?
It is the application of “tools” *– developed over the last 20 years - that allow us to manipulate and study material at the molecular and atomic level.
Similar to the development of optical microscopes 350 years ago.
Allows or enhances the interdisciplinary nature of the sciences – has the opportunity to remove the discipline “stovepipes” and encourage communication and sharing
Offers students an opportunity to combine multiple talents and interests
Application to all disciplines and traditional sciences and career disciplines
*These tools include: AFM: Atomic Force Microscope STM: Scanning Tunneling Microscopic SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope TEM: Tunneling Electron Microscope X-ray diffraction
Why is understanding the molecular or atomic level structure of a material important?
Why do we care about this level of structure?
Atomic (electronic) structure
Molecular structure
Physical characteristics Electrical characteristics Biological characteristics
Why is understanding the molecular or atomic level
structure of a material important?
webelements,.com
Visionlearning.com
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
trace-elements.org.uk
millies.sg
blogiversity.org
Why do we care about this level of structure?
Because much of what occurs in the world around us happens at that level.
Nano/Biotech circle
• Examples: Brownian motion, adhesion, cell movement
Select a system
Observe
Propose mechanismDuplicate
Observe
NanoScienceTools
NanoScience
Tools
About Nanotechnology• Nanotechnology – Application of specific tools (Atomic
Force Microscopes, Scanning Electron Microscopes etc.) that allow us to observe and manipulate material at the molecular or atomic scale.
• Over 700 products currently in the market which take advantage of nanotechnology.
About Nanotechnology• Every industry or market segment will be impacted by
nanotechnology, with impacts in electronics and material science applications coming first, communication and disease diagnostic applications in the near future and in vivo disease treatment approaches or tailored drugs in the far future.
About Nanotechnology• The application of nanoscience to industry is forecasted to
create billions of dollars of revenue over the next 10 to 15 years.
• Need for trained employees is critical to support the anticipated economic growth. Over 800,000 trained employees needed in the next 10 years in the US with over 50% being technicians. (Estimate is 4 to 6 technicians per PhD researcher.)
NanoScienceNanotechnology
Physics
MaterialScience
Engineering
Chemistry
Biology
Medicine
Focus Areas for Traditional Sciences
• Math• Exponents, algebra, trig, statistics• Biology• Cell structure, ion channels, proteins, energy creation• Chemistry• Colloids, wet, atomic structure, bonding mechanisms
Focus Areas for Traditional Sciences
• Physics• Force, momentum, optics, quantum, solid state• Engineering• Transistor fab and operation, material properties,
measurement
The “Big Ideas” of Nanoscale Science*
Sense of ScaleSurface area to volume ratioDensity, force and pressureSurface tensionPriority of forces at different size scalesMaterial/Surface properties
*Understanding of these concepts requires an integration of the disciplines of math, biology, chemistry, physics and engineering