Introduction to NanotechnologyMarch 10, 2007bnlmanchester

Some things we will discuss:How big are nanostructuresScaling down to the nanoscaleHow are nanostructures made?Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturingHow do we see them?Imaging and property characterizationWhy do we care?Applications to science, technology and societyIntroduction to NanotechnologyMarch 10, 2007

Why do we want to make things small?To make products smaller, cheaper, faster and better by "scaling" them down. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, life-science, etc)

To introduce new physical phenomena for science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

NanotechnologyNanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. 1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m nano.gov

How small are nanostructures?= 100 micrometers= 100,000 nanometers !1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter

Smaller stillHair.

An Early Nanotechnologist?

Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)

...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ...... perhaps half an AcreCHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?Volume = (Area)(Thickness)

V = A tIt can be determined that the thickness is around 1 nanometer

> ACTIVITY with Oleic Acid

A monolayer film (single layer of molecules)~1 nm thickLangmuir film

LangmuirFilmpressuree.g., steric acidmonolayer filmwaterhydrophilic endhydrophobic endof an amphiphilicmolecule

Langmuir-Blodgett FilmMust control movablebarrier to keep constantpressure

"Optical Lever"To determine amplification factor, use the concept of similar triangleslaser pointer

"Optical Lever"y1x1y2x2For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall is 17' (204") away,Motion amplified by 100 times!

."Optical Lever" for Profilometrycantileverlaser

."Optical Lever" for ProfilometrycantileverlaserLong light path and a short cantilever gives large amplification

Scanning probe microscopeSurfaceVibrating CantileverLaser BeamAFM, STM, MFM, others

QuicktimeAFM Cantilever ChipAFM Instrument Head Laser Beam PathCantilever Deflection

More on Nanotechnology

From DOE

A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass100 nm dots70 nm nanowires200 nm rings12 nm pores14 nm dots13 nm rings25 nm honeycomb14 nm nanowires18 nm pores150 nm holes

"Nano"Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughlyNanostructure - an object that has nanoscale featuresNanoscience - the behavior and properties of nanostructuresNanotechnology - the techniques for making and characterizing nanostructures and putting them to useNanomanufacturing - methods for producing nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable ways

Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many industriesPhysicsChemistryBiologyMaterials SciencePolymer ScienceElectrical EngineeringChemical EngineeringMechanical EngineeringMedicineAnd others

Electronics Materials Health/Biotech Chemical Environmental Energy Aerospace Automotive Security Forest products And others

Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessorsibm.com

Electronics Keeps On Getting BetterMoore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chipintel.com

Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance.

Some have been around for a very long time: Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles Photographic film - silver nanoparticles Tires - carbon black nanoparticles Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"nano.gov

National Nanotechnology InitiativeProgram Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget)Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and ProcessesNanomaterialsNanoscale Devices and SystemsInstrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards for NanotechnologyNanomanufacturingMajor Research Facilities and Instrumentation AcquisitionSocietal Dimensions

Making Nanostructures: NanofabricationTop down versus bottom up methods

LithographyMarkTuominenMarkTuominen(Using a stencil or mask)

Making a microscopic maskNanoscopic Mask !Example: Electron-Beam Lithography

LithographyIBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChipPatternedSeveral Times

NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY Block ABlock B10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A Ordered PhasesPMMAPSScale set by molecular sizeOne Example: Diblock Copolymers

CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATIONRemove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system(physical orelectrochemical)

DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATIONTECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS templatedotsringsholescylinders

How do we see nanostructures? A light microscope? Helpful, but cannot resolve below 1000 nm

An electron microscope? Has a long history of usefulness at the nanoscale

A scanning probe microscope? A newer tool that has advanced imaging

Television Setprelim.

Scanning Electron Microscope

Scanning probe microscopeSurfaceVibrating CantileverLaser BeamAFM, STM, MFM, others

Image of Nickel AtomsSTM

Pushing Atoms AroundSTM