introduction to microbiology march 2013 fn [compatibility mode]

7/28/2019 Introduction to Microbiology March 2013 FN [Compatibility Mode]

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Overview of Medical

Microbiology in relation to

human health 2

Dr F Noordeen

Department of Microbiology

Faculty of Medicine

Peradeniya

March 2013


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Development of the Microscope

1590 First compound microscope

1660 Robert Hooke

1676 Anton Leeuwenhoek

1833 Carl Zeiss

1931 Ernst Ruska

Short History of Microbiology


3/21

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1632-1723


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Spontaneous Generation Controversy

BELIEF

Living material formed spontaneously

REFUTED

1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678)

1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)1861: Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)


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Experiment which disproved theory of

spontaneous generation


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Year Event

1664

Robert Hooke is the first to use a microscope to

describe the fruiting structures of molds. He alsocoined the term cell when using a microscope to

look at cork, as the dead plant material in cork

reminded him of a jail cell.

1673

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman and

skil led lens maker, is the first to describe microbes

in detail.

1872

Ferdinand Julius Cohn publishes landmark paper on

bacteria and the cycling of elements. In it is an early

classification scheme that uses the name Bacillus.

1872

Oscar Brefeld reports the growth of fungal colonies

from single spores on gelatin and the German

botanist Joseph Schroeter grows pigmented

bacterial colonies on sl ices of potato.


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Year Event

1877

Robert Koch develops methods for staining bacteria,

photographing, and preparing permanent visualrecords on slides.

1881Koch develops sol id culture media and the methods

for obtaining pure cultures of bacteria.

1882 Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse in Koch'slaboratory develop the use of agar as a support

medium for solid culture.

1884Hans Christian Gram develops a dye system for

identifying bacteria [the Gram stain].

1887 First report of the petri plate by Julius R. Petri.

1915

M. H. McCrady establishes a quantitative approach

for analyzing water samples using the most probable

number, multiple-tube fermentation test.


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Proof that microorganisms cause disease

1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) the first knowndiscussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection.

1835 Agostino Rassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkwormswas caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to berecognized as a contagious agent of animal disease.

1847 Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician who

decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreadingchildbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcingdoctors under his supervision to wash their hands beforetouching patients.

1857: Louis Pasteur

1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German bacteriologist who studied thethe anthrax bacterium; first to cultivate these bacteria outside thebody using blood serum at body temperature.


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Ignaz Semmelweis

Puerperal fever (after child bir th) due to somethingcarried from cadavers to patients

Louis Pasteur

Cause of souring of wine

Robert Koch

Discovered Bacillus antrhacis.

Developed techniques and standard protocols for

defining the cause of a disease.


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Ignaz Semmelweis

Hungarian physician

Worked in ViennaRealized that asepsis inobstetrical wards could prevent

transmission of childbir th fever

from patient to patient.

All attending physicians had towash their hands with chloride of

lime (a mixture of calcium chloride

hypochlorite, CaCl(OCl); calcium

hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2; and

calcium chloride, CaCl2) between

patients.

This innovation dropped themortality rate from 18% to 2.4%.


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1822 - 1895

French ScientistDiscredited theory ofspontaneous generation

Introduced vaccinationto treat rabies

Solved industrial

problems related to

spoilage of foods


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Robert Koch

1843 - 1910

Pioneered studies inmedical microbiology

Developed methods

essential for studyof microbiology

Kochs postulates-Causation of disease


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Proving

Causation

Proving

Causation

Kochs

postulates


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Joseph Lister

Studied the coagulation of blood ininjuries and surgical wounds.

Noted that there was a very highincidence of infection in wounds

Spray carbolic acid on surgicalinstruments, on wounds, and surgical dressings.

He reduced surgical mortality to 15% by the year 1860.

His work with antiseptics met with initial resistance inthe medical community but were soon widely

accepted.


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Viruses

1886 John Brown Buist was the first toobserve a virus, the cowpox virus,although he did not realize it.

1892 Dmitr ii Ivanowski discovered that thecause of tobacco mosaic disease

could pass through a procelin fi lter 1898 Martinus Beijerinck correctly

deduced that the particle causing thedisease was too small to be abacteria and would later be known as

a virus (poison)

1915/17 Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herelleeach discovered bacteriophage,viruses that infect bacteria


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Edward Jenner 1796

Louis Pasteur 1876

Vaccination

" In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind."

Fowlcholera

Smallpox


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Era of antimicrobial drugs

Fleming and Waksman Penicill in - 1928

With Chain and Florey Nobel Prize in 1945


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Proving

Causation

Proving

Causation

Kochs

postulates


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"Molecular Koch's Postulates" :

Stanley Falklow (1988)

Identi fy gene (or gene product) responsible for virulence

determinant

Show gene present in strains of bacteria that cause the disease

Not present in avirulent strains

Disrupting the gene reduces virulence

Introduction of cloned gene into avirulent strain confersvirulence.

The gene is expressed in vivo

Specif ic immune response to gene protects


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What is Medical Microbiology?

The study of microorganisms (bacteria,

viruses, fungi and parasites) which are

capable of causing diseases in humans

What organisms cause infection?

How they cause infection?

How to identify them?

How to treat them?

How to prevent infection?


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Y2S2 Module: Infection 1

Module coordinator Dr. F. Noordeen, Department of Microbiology

Examiners

1. Dr. F. Noordeen

2. Dr. D. Iddawela

3. Dr. R. Morel

Lecturers

1. Dr. F. Noordeen

2. Dr. C. Ratnatunga

3. Dr. D. Iddawela4. Dr. R. Morel

6. Dr. DN. Atapattu

7. Dr. S Wickramasinghe Examination

Duration 3h (Theory)MCQ (20) 1 h

SAQ (8) 2 h

Practicals 2 h

introduction to microbiology march 2013 fn [compatibility mode]

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