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EBB 113

Engineering Materials

School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering

Why we need to study Mat. Sci. & Eng. ?

• Cost?

• Effective?

• Fabrication?

• Safety?

• Mechanical Engineer

• Civil & Structure Engineer

• Electrical Engineer

• Electronic Engineer

• Aerospace Engineer

• Chemical Engineer

• Etc……

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Course Synopsis The course is an introductory course on engineering materials which is divided into two main parts. The first part includes the classifications of materials that determine their applicability, the structure of the materials explained by the quantum-mechanical principle that relates electrons to energies, bonding scheme of different materials, the structure of crystalline solids and introduction to imperfection in solids and diffusion mechanism. The first part also includes the introduction of phase diagram. The second part covers the structures, behaviors and characteristics of materials including mechanical, thermal, optical and magnetic properties. In general, this introductory materials science and engineering course deals with the different material types (i.e., metals, ceramics, polymers, composites), as well as the various kinds of properties exhibited by these materials (i.e., mechanical, electrical, magnetic, etc.) which intended to equip the students with necessary knowledge on material science and engineering

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Course Structure 1. Introduction of Materials

2. Bonding and Properties

3. Crystal Structures & Properties

4. Imperfection in Solids

5. Diffusion

6. Phase Diagram

7. Structure of Metal, Ceramic, Polymer & Composites

8. Mechanical Properties of Materials

9. Electrical Properties of Materials

10. Thermal, optical & magnetic properties of Materials

Topic:

1st part

2nd part

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Text Book W.D. Callister, Jr, Materials Science and

Engineering – An Introduction,” Wiley:New

York, 7th Ed., 2007

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Recommended Reference Books

D.R. Askeland, P.P Phulé, “The Science and

Engineering of Materials,” Chapman & Hall.

W.F. Smith, “Foundations of Materials Science and

Engineering,” McGrew Hill: New York, 3rd Ed., 2004.

J.F. Shackelford, “Introduction to Materials Science for

Engineers,” Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 5th Ed., 2000.

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Teaching Structure EBB 113

Engineering Materials

Part 1

Topic 1 – 6

Part 2

Topic 7 –10

Dr. Khatijah Aisha Bt Yaacob

(Civil & Mech)

Dr. Yeoh Fee Yei (EE & Chem)

Dr. Shah Rizal Kasim

(Materials & Aero)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Srimala Sreekantan (Civil & Mech)

Dr Pung Swee Yong (EE & Chem)

Dr. Sheikh Abdul Rezan Sheikh Abdul Hamid (Materials & Aero)

Parallel Session

3 session - Mechanic & Civil (DK 9)

- Chemical & EE (DK 3)

- Material & Aero (DK 2)

Monday (2-4 pm)

Thursday (10-11 am)

Notes (1st part) – SMMRE web site

Teaching Structure U

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Contribution of Assessment

Final Exam.

(70%)

Coursework

(30%)

3 hours

Essays Question (6)

Tutorial -15% (to be confirm)

Test (2x) – 15% (to be confirm)

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On the completion of this course, the students should be:

1) Able to define different classification of engineering materials

2) Able to explain the electronic structure of individual atom as

well as inter-atomic bonding, crystal structure of solids,

imperfection and diffusion mechanism

3) Able to interpret the phase diagram and phase transformation

4) Able to explain the structure of metal, ceramic, polymer and

composites

5) Able to state how various mechanical properties are measured

and what these properties represent

6) Able to explain electrical, thermal, optical and magnetic

properties of materials

Course Outcomes

TOPIC 1

Introduction

to

Materials

1. Introduction.

2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

TOPIC CONTENTS

After careful study of this topic you should be able to

do the following:

List 6 different property classifications of materials that

determine their applicability.

Cite the 4 components that are involved in the design,

production, and utilization of materials, and briefly describe

the interrelationships between these components.

Cite 3 criteria that are important in the materials selection

process.

TOPIC OUTCOMES

List the 3 primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite

the distinctive chemical feature of each.

Note the two types of advanced materials and, for each, its

distinctive feature(s).

Briefly define “smart material/system”.

Briefly explain the concept of “nanotechnology” as it applies to

materials.

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1. Introduction.

2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

TOPIC CONTENTS

Materials in our live

• Electronic & Electrical

• Mechanical

• Chemical

• Civil & Structural

• Infrastructure &

Transportation

• Aerospace

• Military

• Telecommunications

• Entertainment

(1) INTRODUCTION

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Materials in our live – Civil & Structural

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• Traditional wood→steel→concrete→polymer composite (made of layers of glass fabric + resins)

• Advantages of Polymer Composites

1) won't rust, or corrode

2) require no preservatives

3) light-weight, lighter than aluminum, wood, steel or concrete.

4) the lowest possible total installed cost

Pole (Construction Industry)

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Materials in our live – Aerospace & Mechanical

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b) The Space Shuttle Challenger Accident

Tragedy

On the morning of January 28, 1986, the space

shuttle Challenger blasted off from the

Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

All Seven crew members died in the explosion.

Why?

which blamed on faulty in the joint-embrittlement of rubber O-rings

Materials

Substances from which something is composed or made from.

Development of human civilization has been closely tied to materials which have been produced and used in society.

What are Materials?

Engineering Materials

Materials used to produce technical products.

Engineered materials with desired properties.

What are Engineering Materials?

Iron

Age

(Industrial

Revolution)

Bronze

Age

Stone

Age

Designed

Materials

Age

Nano

Material

Age

•Materials

existing in

nature.

•stone,

wood, clay

•Alloy of

copper •Minimum material

processing.

•Produce better

material properties

to those occurring

naturally

•Iron, steel, other

metals.

•Steam engine

Electric

Age

(Silicon Age)

•Advance composites

•Surface treatment

•Artificial layered

structures

MATERIALS ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Pre

his

tori

c

Evolution of Materials

Prehistoric

Stone Age

Early in the developments of human

cultures, before the use of metals

Tools & weapons were made of stone

Bronze Age

Bronze (Cooper + tin + zinc)

The time in the development of any

human culture

Before introduction of iron, when most

tools and weapons were made from

bronze

Iron Age

Marks the period of development of

technology replacing bronze as the basic

material for implements and weapon

Last stage of the archaeological sequence

Electrical Age (Silicon Age) and beyond

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1. Introduction.

2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

TOPIC CONTENTS

Materials Science

Science - scientia (Knowledge)

Study of basic materials knowledge.

• Investigation of the relationship between STRUCTURES and

PROPERTIES of materials

Materials Engineering

Engineer – ingeneur

Used of Materials Science knowledge (fundamental) to design

and to produce materials with properties that will meet the

requirements of society.

Structure-Property correlations, designing or engineering the

structure of a material to a pre-determined set of properties.

Discipline of Materials Study

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

Combines both basic knowledge and applications and forms a

bridge between the basic sciences (physics, chemistry, and

mathematic) and the various engineering disciplines

(electrical, mechanical, chemical, civil, and aerospace

engineering).

Interdisciplinary nature.

Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping

forming, joining, annealing.

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Material: structure, composition.

Selecting the RIGHT material.

To succeed in processing materials with a given set of

properties, it is necessary to understand the basis of the

properties from the atomic and molecular level, and to

understand how small differences in structure can lead to large

differences in observed properties.

4 components that are involved in design, production, and

utilization of materials.

Processing

Structure

Properties

Performance

How do these components interrelated?

What is Processing?

Multiple procedures to produce something pre-determined.

Structure

Arrangement of

its internal

components

Subatomic level

Atomic level

Microscopic level

Macroscopic level

Electron within

individual atoms and

interaction with their

nuclei

Organization of atoms

or molecules relative to

one another

Direct observation

using microscope tools

Viewed by naked eye

What is Structure?

Properties

Materials trait in term of

the kind and magnitude

of response to a specific

imposed stimulus

•Material: Conductor

•Stimulus: voltage

•Response: Electric Current

•PROPERTIES

•Mechanical

•Electrical

•Thermal

•Magnetic

•Optical

•Deteriorative

Property Stimulus

(activity)

Response

Mechanical Applied load

or force

Deformation

Electrical Electric field Conductivity

What is Property?

ex: hardness vs structure of steel • Properties depend on structure

Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)

and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,

and from Fig. 11.13 and associated

discussion, Callister 6e.

Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.

10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;

and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel • Processing can change structure

Cooling Rate (C/s)

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(a)

30m

(b)

30m

(d)

30m(c)

4m

Ha

rdn

es

s (

BH

N)

• Transmittance: --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or

opaque depending on the material structure.

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 6e. (Specimen preparation,

P.A. Lessing; photo by J.

Telford.)

single crystal

polycrystal:

low porosity

polycrystal:

high porosity

OPTICAL

Change of Properties

Heat Treatment Adding other substances

Structure Properties

What is Performance?

A measurement of how good a product is.

“Tetrahedron” Interrelationship:

Car body What is the right material to use?

Performance

Process

Property

Structure

Microstructure, What features of the structure limit the strength?

What is the strength-to density ratio?

High level of toughness and formability

How can aerodynamic car chassis be formed?

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1. Introduction.

2. Materials Science and Engineering

3. Classification of Materials

TOPIC CONTENTS

Solid Materials Classification

•Traditional method

•Chemical makeup and atomic structure

Metal

Polymer

Ceramic Composite

METALS:

Inorganic materials (one or more metallic

elements – alloy)

Crystalline structure

May contain a small amount of non-metallic

elements

Good thermal & electrical conductors (large

numbers of non-localized electrons = electrons

are not bound to particular atoms)

Properties at room temperature (RT)

Strong and ductile (capable of large amounts

of deformation without fracture)

Stiff

Good strength

Dense

Resistance to fracture

CERAMICS:

Inorganic materials (metallic + non-metallic elements)

Oxides, nitrides, carbides

Crystalline, non-crystalline, or a mixture of both

Properties at RT

High melting point

High chemical stabilities

High hardness

High temperature strength

Brittle (lack ductility)

Poor electrical and thermal conductor.

POLYMERS:

Plastic and rubber materials

Organic materials

Long molecular chairs/network containing C, H, and other

nonmetallic elements (O, N, Si)

Non-crystalline (mostly) or a mixture of both

Properties at RT

Low density

Mechanically flexible

Poor electrical conductor

COMPOSITES:

Mixture of two or more types of materials

A matrix phase + a reinforcing phase

Designed to ensure a combination of the best properties of

each component material.

Besides the above mentioned classification, materials can also be

categorized into:

ADVANCED MATERIALS:

Materials that are utilized in high-tech application

(device/product that operates or functions using relatively

intricate and sophisticated principles)

DVD Players, Microprocesser, Liquid Crystal Display.

Advanced

Materials

Semiconductor

Biomaterials

Materials of the future

Smart Material

Nano-engineered

Material

Nano-material

SEMICONDUCTORS:

Electrical properties intermediate between

conductors and insulators

Electrical characteristics are extremely

sensitive to the presence of minute

concentration of impurity atoms, which

concentrations may be controlled over very

small spatial region

Conductivity increasing with temperature

BIOMETRIALS:

Components implanted into human body for

replacement of diseased or damaged parts.

Must not produce toxic substances

Compatible with body tissues

All above materials may be used as

biomaterials

SMART MATERIALS:

Materials that are able to sense changes in their environments

and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners

Devices made from Smart Materials

Sensors (detects an input signal)

NANO-ENGINEERED MATERIALS:

Dimension <100 nm (~500 atom diameters)

Materials by design

Exp: carbon nanotube

End of Topic 1

• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, performance, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Summary