Information system:

An information system (IS) is typically considered to be a set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (processes), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective

An IS can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization

The six components that must come together in orders to produce an information system are:

1. Hardware : refers to CPU and all other supporting units like – I/O device , storage device and communication device

2. Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals that support it 3. Data: Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information4. Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system5. People: not only the users, but those who operate and service the computers, those who maintain the

data, and those who support the network of computers6. Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an IS may be provided with a feedback

MIS:

A Management Information System (MIS) focuses on the management of information systems to provide efficiency and effectiveness of strategic decision making. 

Management Information Systems (plural) as an academic discipline studies people, technology, organizations, and the relationships among them

include systems termed system, decision, expert systems, and executive information systems

MIS is a broader term; including MGT, MKT, HR, ACT, EIS, DSS, OAS information system.

1. MGT IS :  produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firm’s underlying transaction processing systems

2. MKT IS: managing the marketing aspects of the business3. ACT IS: focused accounting functions.4. HR IS: used for evaluating personnel selection and performance aspects.5. EIS: reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all

company levels and departments 6. Decision support system :  used by middle and higher management to compile information

from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making7. Office Automation System :  support communication and productivity in the

enterprise by automating workflow and eliminating bottlenecks

System:

A system is a set of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex/intricate whole and directed to meet certain objective in together

Some systems share common characteristics, including:

A system has structure, it contains parts (or components) that are directly or indirectly related to each other;

A system has behavior, it exhibits processes that fulfill its function or purpose; A system has interconnectivity: the parts and processes are connected by structural and/or behavioral

relationships; A system's structure and behavior may be decomposed via subsystems and sub-processes to

elementary parts and process steps; A system has behavior that, in relativity to its surroundings, may be categorized as both fast and

strong.

Business application of IS:

There are three fundamental reasons; those are –

1. Support of its business processes and operations: For ex: Most retail stores use computer based information systems to help them record customer purchases, keep track of inventory, pay employees, buy new merchandise and evaluate sales trend; thus assist in store operation.

2. Support of decision making by its employees and managers: Also help store managers and other managers in case of making decisions. For example: decisions on what lines of merchandise need to be added or discontinued, or what kind of investment they require, are typically made after an analysis provided by the computer based information systems.

3. Support of its strategies for competitive advantage: Gaining a strategic advantage over competitors requires innovative application of information technologies. For ex: Store manager might make a decision to install kiosks in all of their stores, with links to their e-commerce website for online shopping

Trends in Information Systems:

1. Data processing: 1950s – 1960s: electronic data processing systems & transaction processing, record keeping, and traditional accounting applications.

2. Management reporting: 1960s – 1970s: management information system & management reports of pre-specified information to support decision making.

3. Decision support: 1970s – 1980s: decision support systems (DSS) 4. Strategic and User Support: 1980s – 1990s: end user computing systems & executive information

systems & expert systems & strategic information systems

5. Electronic Business and Commerce: 1990s – 2000s: Internet based E-business and E-commerce system Many businesses today are using internet technologies to Web enable business process and to create innovative e business application.E business: The use of internet technologies to work and empower business process, electronic commerce, and enterprise collaboration within a company and with its customers, suppliers, and other business stakeholders (Business on today)

Intranet: the internet and internet like networks inside the enterprise. Extranet: the internet and internet like networks between an enterprise and its trading partners.

Electronic commerce:

Company

Boundary

Suppliers and other business

partners

Consumers and business

customers

Extranets

Extranets

Manufacturing and

production

Accounting and

finance

Engineering and

research

Supply chain management: procurement, distribution,

and logistics

Customer relationship management: Marketing, Sales, Customer Service

Company Boundary

Internet

Internet

the buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products, services, and information over a variety of computer networks.

How computer represent Data

• Within a computer, information is represented and stored in a digital binary format.

• The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the smallest piece of data.

• Humans interpret words and pictures; computers interpret only patterns of bits

Number System Base Symbols used

Binary 2 0, 1

Octal 8 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F where A = 10; B = 11; C = 12; D = 13;E = 14;

F = 15

• Bit – binary digit, which can have a value of either zero or one

• Byte – basic grouping of bits that the computer operates as a single unit, typically eight bits

• ASCII

– American Standard Code Information Interchange– American English symbols– ASCII is 8 bit and through ASCII 256 Characters are possible to represent.– This includes the complete Latin alphabet (A-Z, in both the lowercased and uppercased),

the numeral digits (0-9), the lexical control characters (space, dot, comma, colon, etcetera) and some special characters (The at sign, the sharp sign, the dollar sign).

• Extended ASCII

– 16 bit code representation chart– Graphics and other symbols– Most of the remaining room is used by special characters, such as diacritical characters

and line drawing characters

• Unicode

– Unicode is the basic character set used by all personal computers available today.– 32 bit code representation chart– All languages on the planet

Extended Unicode is 64 bit.– Through extended Unicode 4 billions of characters are able to represent