introduction to immunology

Immunology Textbooks

1. Kuby Immunology by Kindt Thomas J., W.H. Greeman and Company, 2007

2. Immunology by Roitt, Jonathan Brostoff, and David Male Mosby, London. 6th ED

3. Immunology at a Glance, J.H.L Playfair & B.M Chain, 7th ED

4. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology, 2nd ED

Prepared by Pratheep Sandrasaigaran

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http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCLS9y6Tj6ccCFQM-jgod38IGdg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FImmunology-Sixth-Edition-Thomas-Kindt%2Fdp%2F1429202114&psig=AFQjCNH_PbsvnuypcqV1T1rP_50SmlMMmA&ust=1441881961281131

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Important Dates

1. Test 1- Week 6 (21st – 26th MAC 2016)

2. Test 2- Week 11 ( 25th – 30th APR 2016)

3. Assignment 1 (Week 13)

4. Study Break- Week 15 (23rd – 28th MAY 2016)

5. Exam- Week 16 & 17 (30th MAY – 11th JUN 2016)


1.0 Introduction to Immunology

Prepared by Pratheep SandrasaigaranLecturer at Manipal International University

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http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCMbUwNup6ccCFcO-jgodGzYOMg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keepcalm-o-matic.co.uk%2Fp%2Fkeep-calm-and-love-immunology-6%2F&psig=AFQjCNEXr4fKN_iM2AUVxLa3l5vsRGe3GQ&ust=1441866306281168

By the end of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Understand what is immunology in general

2. Identify types of immunity

3. Know cells of immune system

4. Know what is immune response


Diagram Adopted from Internet

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http://www.regulatusa.com/blog/

1.1 What is Immunology in general


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Study of immunology is synonym to study of Warfield..!


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Diagram Adopted from Immunology at a Glance, J.H.L Playfair & B.M Chain, 7th ED7

What is Immunology?• Immunity concerned with cognition and

disposal of foreign or 'non-self' material that enters the body.

• Life-threatening infectious microorganisms.• Pollens• Sometimes, unfortunately, in the shape of a

life-saving kidney graft.

• Resistance to infection may be 'natural' or 'acquired' as the result of an adaptive immune response.


Diagram Adopted from Lippincott'sIllustrated Reviews: Immunology, 2nd ED

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Diagram Adopted from Immunology at a Glance, J.H.L Playfair & B.M Chain, 7th ED

What is Immunology?

• Immunology is the study of the organs, cells, and molecules responsible for this recognition.

• Disposal (the 'immune system'), of how they respond and interact, of the consequences -desirable or otherwise of their activity.

• How are the ways in which they can be advantageously increased or reduced.


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In another word, Immunology is a kingdom..!

• Who are our friends, allies and enemy?

• If there are enemy:• How to respond to defeat them• how to defeat and keep them out of our kingdom• If we were defeated, what would be the

consequences?

• If they are allies, how can they serve us in advantage

.


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Useful terminologies

1. Innate resistance*2. Adaptive immune response*3. Self and Non-self4. Infection5. Vaccination6. Grafting7. Autoimmunity8. Hypersensitivity9. Immunosuppression



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1. Self and Non-self• Everything which is detectably different from an animal's

own constituents• Infectious micro-organisms, together with cells, organs, or

other materials from another animal• Drugs and even normal foods?

2. Infection• Disease causing agents which are inclusive of non-self.• Parasitic viruses, bacteria, protozoa, worms or fungi


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3. Vaccination• A method of stimulating the adaptive immune response• To generate immune memory and acquired resistance

4. Grafting• Cells or organs from another individual usually survive

natural resistance mechanisms but are attacked by the adaptive immune response

• leading to rejection/ organ rejection


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5. Autoimmunity• The body's own ('self') cells and molecules stimulate a

response and the body's own structures are attacked as if they were foreign.

• Autoimmune disease*

6. Hypersensitivity• Result of specific memory is that re-exposure to the same

stimulus.• Instead of eliminating the stimulus, it has unpleasant or

damaging effects on the body's own tissues.


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7. Immunosuppression• Suppression of adaptive immune responses by drugs or other

means.• Usually needed in the cases of

• Autoimmunity• Hypersensitivity• Graft rejection


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Immune Tolerance of food• Food is technically foreign, and tolerated by the

immune system to absorb nutrients.

• When such tolerance fails, we suffer from an overt immune reaction, such as food allergies, which can be severe enough to be fatal.

• Peripheral Treg (pTreg) cells which exist in the small intestine to inform the immune system on which food antigens can enter our body.

• http://www.nature.com/icb/journal/v78/n1/full/icb20009a.html


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Immune Tolerance of food


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Diagram Adopted from Asian Scientist Newsroom | February 5, 2016 http://www.asianscientist.com/2016/02/in-the-lab/food-triggers-immune-tolerance-food-allergies/

When dietary antigen from solid food induce pTreg, it repress the immunity towards ingested protein antigents

When depleted of dietary antigens, pTreg are not properly induced, hence immune tolerance for ingested protein antigen is set off

Skin rash and diarrhea

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1

Prepared by Pratheep SandrasaigaranPrepared by Pratheep Sandrasaigaran

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1. Desirable consequences of immunity are autoimmunity and hypersensitivity.

2. Cancer cells are the ‘non-self’ that escapes the immune recognition of host.

3. Innate immunity are specific and rapid in action.

4. Parasitic viruses, bacteria, protozoa and pollens disease causing agents.

5. Vaccination can generate immune memory.

6. Immunosuppressive drugs were given for graft patients.

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1. What is the advantage of having immune System for vertebrates?

2. Give defination for the following:• Self and Non-self• Infection• Vaccination• Grafting• Autoimmunity• Hypersensitivity• Immunosuppression


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1.2 Types of immunity


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Types of immunity

Diagram Adopted from Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology, 2nd ED

Diagram Adopted from Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology, 2nd ED


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Protective barriers of the body

Innate and adaptive immunity


24Diagram Adopted from Immunology at a Glance, J.H.L Playfair & B.M Chain, 7th ED

Innate

Types of immunity

• The mechanisms mediated by immune cells can be correspondingly divided into Innate and adaptive.

• Innate and adaptive immunity are further composed of cellular and humoral.

• Humoral- free in serum or body fluids


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Types of immunity


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Types of immunity

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Innate AdaptivePrepared by Pratheep Sandrasaigaran

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Types of immunity

Diagram Adopted from Lippincott'sIllustrated Reviews: Immunology, 2nd ED


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Why you

don’t get

chicken pox

two

times..?

http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCK39qaD668cCFRMfjgoda6gIKg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2011%2F11%2Fthe-chicken-pox-party-parents-caught-infecting-kids-with-virus%2F248768%2F&psig=AFQjCNGU69owgp0CQNKq4bdZRJ1nAYnfTg&ust=1441956820085725


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Types of immunity

http://course1.winona.edu/kbates/Immunology/chapt_9-09.htm



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The immune system functions in many biological systems to protect against diseases. The mechanism of immune system in vertebrae not only conferred to innate and adaptive immunity, but also convenes to mechanical, chemical and biological barrier. Discuss in brief, how mechanical, chemical and biological barrier regulate immune system in vertebrae?

1.3 Cells of immune system


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Cells of immune system


Stem cells

Lymphoid Stem cells Myeloid Progenitor

Lymphocytes Granulocytes

B cell Progenitor

T cell Progenitor Natural

killer cell

Eosinophils

BasophilsNeutrophils

Mast cell Monocytes

Dendritic cell

Macrophage

Tc cell

Th cell

Memory cellPlasma

cell Diagram Adopted from Internet


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The cells of innate immunity


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The cells of Adaptive immunity


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Cells of immune system


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Innate immunity- Cells

Complement

A series of enzymes present in serum which when activated produce widespread inflammatory effects, as well as lysis of bacteria and other pathogens.

PMN

Polymorphonuclear leucocyte, a short-lived 'scavenger' blood cell, whose granules contain powerful bactericidal enzymes.

Macrophage

A large tissue cell responsible for removing damaged tissue, cells, bacteria, etc.

Both PMNs and macrophages come from the bone marrow, and are therefore known as myeloid cells.


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Innate immunity- Cells

Dendritic cells

A rare cell type found in the T cell area of all lymphoid tissues. The function is to present antigen to T cells, and thus initiate

all T cell-dependent immune responses. There is another type, follicular dendritic cells, which store

antigen for B cells.

NK (natural killer) cell

A lymphocyte-like cell capable of killing some targets, notably virus-infected cells and tumour cells.

They don’t have the receptor or the fine specificity characteristic of true lymphocytes.

Mast cell

A large tissue cell which releases inflammatory mediators when damaged, and also under the influence of antibody.

By increasing vascular permeability, inflammation allows complement and cells to enter the tissues from the blood.


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Innate immunity- Mode of action

Interferon

A family of proteins produced rapidly by many cells in response to virus infection

Blocks the replication of virus in other cells. Plays an important role in communication between

immune cells

Lysozyme

An enzyme secreted by macrophages, which attacks the cell wall of some bacteria.

Interferon and lysozyme are sometimes described as 'natural antibiotics'.

Lysis

Irreversible leakage of cell contents following membrane damage.

In the case of a bacterium this would be fatal to the microbe.


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Innate immunity- Mode of action

Phagocytosis

Engulfment of a particle by a cell. Macrophages and PMNs (microphages') are the most

important phagocytic cells. The great majority of foreign materials entering the

tissues are ultimately disposed of by this mechanism.

Cytotoxicity

Macrophages can kill some targets (including tumour cells) without phagocytosing them.

Besides, there are a variety of other cells with cytotoxic abilities.

Adaptive immunity- Lymphocytes

• Able to recognize individual antigens through its specialized surface receptors.

• Upon recognition, activated and to divide into numerous cells of identical specificity.

• Long lifespan, makes it the ideal cell for adaptive responses.

• Two major populations of lymphocytes are T and B.


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Adaptive immunity- Cells

B cells Lymphocytes secrete antibody, the humoral

element of adaptive immunity.

T cells

('thymus-derived') lymphocytes are further divided into subpopulations which 'help' B cells.

Kill virus-infected cells Activate macrophages, etc.

Specific; specificity Lymphocyte which responds to, or an antibody

which 'fits', a particular antigen is very specific.

The antigen for lymphocytes

• A substance which stimulates the production of antibody (Adaptive immunity).

• Antigens are foreign ('non-self') and either particulate (cells, bacteria, etc.) or large protein or polysaccharide molecules.

• But under special conditions small molecules and even 'self' components can become antigenic.


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Adaptive immunity


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1. All immune cells are normally generated from a common stem cell.

2. Myeloid lineage of WBC are normally more specific in recognition of antigens.

3. Complement, an innate immune cell that functions to lyse bacteria and other pathogens.

4. Adaptive immune cells need to be primed by the antigen then will through clonal selection before involve in effector function.

5. The artificially acquired adaptive immunity is developed by infant during breast feeding.

1.4 Immune response


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Interactions between Innate

and adaptive immunity

IN Summary


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Interactions

Innate Adaptive

1. Antibody

2. Complement

3. Presentation4. Help

Antibody• Serum globulins with a wide range of specificity for

different antigens.

• Antibodies can bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins directly.

• May induce opsonization; binding to the surface of bacteria, viruses, or other parasites, and thus increasing their adherence to, and phagocytosis by, myeloid cells.

• Antibody also activates complement on the surface of invading pathogens


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Complement

• Complement is often activated by antibody bound to microbial surfaces.

• Binding of complement to antigen can also greatly increase its ability to activate a strong and lasting B cell response.

• ‘Reverse interaction' between adaptive and natural immune mechanisms.


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Presentation

• Presentation of antigens to T and B cells by dendritic cells is necessary for most adaptive responses.

• Presentation by dendritic cells usually requires activation of these cells by elements of the 'natural' immune system.

• This is another example of 'reverse interaction' between adaptive and natural immune mechanisms.


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Help• Help by T cells is required for many branches of the

immune response.

• T cell help is required for the secretion of most antibodies by B cells and for activating macrophages to stimulate cellular immunity.

• T cell help is also required for an effective cytotoxic T cell response.

• There are also 'suppressor' or 'regulator' T cells which have the opposite effect


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Chapter Summary• The immune system distinguishes cells and molecules

that belong within the body (self) from those that do not (non-self) , using the innate and adaptive immune systems.

• Both the innate and adaptive immune systems use cell-surface and soluble receptors to sense potential threats.

• Cells and molecules of the innate immune system respond rapidly to a microbial invasion and are often sufficient for defense.


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Chapter Summary• Immunologic memory allows the adaptive immune

system to tailor its responses to things that it encounters on multiple occasions.

• The immune system can eliminate threats by isolation, disruption, or ingestion (consumption) or by a combination of these actions.

• So did Mono really Killed the Granny..?


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1. There are only two type of protection; innate and adaptive immunity.

2. Adaptive immunity is highly specific and rapid in response.

3. It is impossible for a person to fall in sick (same) for the second time.

4. NK cells are lymphoid lineage however they are innate immune responses.

5. Acquired immunity is the adaptive immunity.

6. Antibody and complement systems are required for both innate and adaptive immune system to communicate among themselves.

1. Innate and adaptive immunity act in cooperative and interdependent ways to protect the host. Discuss the collaboration of these two forms of immunity.

2. Give examples of mild and severe consequences of immune dysfunction. What is the most common cause of immunodeficiency throughout the world today?

3. Adaptive immunity has evolved in vertebrates but they have also retained innate immunity. What would be the disadvantages of having only an adaptive immune system? Comment on how possession of both types of immunity enhances protection against infection.


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4. Name three features of a secondary immune response that distinguish it from a primary immune response.

5. Why Immune recognition of molecules belonging to self is important?

6. What is Immunological memory mean?

7. Can you illustrate the four quadrants of immunity ‘Mono kills Granny’?


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introduction to immunology

Education