introduction to humanities computing geoffrey m. rockwell x 24072 togo salmon 309a...
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Introduction to Humanities Computing
Geoffrey M. Rockwell
x 24072
Togo Salmon 309A
[email protected]: http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~hc-courses/ihchome.htm
McMaster University
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Evaluate a hypermedia work
• How would you evaluate a hypermedia work?
• What criteria would you use?
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Possible Criteria• Usability - Is it easy to use?• Audience - Is it appropriate for its audience?• Accuracy - Is the content appropriate and accurate?• Multimedia Integration - Are the different media
used appropriately and well integrated?• Hypertextuality - Is the hypertext design appropriate
to the content?• Interactivity - Is it interactive? Would it be better on
paper?
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What is Hypertext?
Well, by “hypertext” I mean non-sequential writing--text that branches and allows choices to the reader, best read at an interactive screen.
As popularly conceived, this is a series of text chunks connected by links which of the reader different pathways. (Nelson, Literary Machines, p. 0/2)
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Nodes and Links
Entry Point
Path
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Anchors and Links
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Some Proto-Hypertexts
• Encyclopedia - "See also". • Library - Footnotes. • Literary Allusions and References. • Manuscripts and Marginal Glosses.
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Main Text
Interlinear Text
Commentary
Marginal Text
Secondary Text
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Manuscript Main Text Interlinear Text
Commentary
Marginal Text
Link?
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Text and Hypertext
Text Hypertext
Sequential Non-sequential
Paper Computer
Read Browse or Navigate
Table of Contents Map
Text and Images Text, Images, Audio, Video, and
Interactive Procedures
Easy to carry and use Needs expensive computer and
takes time to install, launch, and
use
Can be read in bed Usually browsed at a multimedia
station
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1945, Vannevar Bush
• 1945 - “As We May Think”
article in the Atlantic Monthly
Screens
RecordingDevice
Keypad
Storage
Projection
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1965, Ted Nelson and Xanadu
THIS BOOK DESCRIBES THE LEGENDARY AND DARING PROJECT XANADU, AN INITIATIVE
TOWARD AN INSTANTANEOUS ELECTRONIC LITERATURE; the most audacious and specific plan for knowledge, freedom and a better world yet to come out of computerdom; the original (and perhaps the ultimate)
HYPERTEXT SYSTEM. (Nelson, Literary Machines, Cover)
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First Systems
• 1967/8 - Hypertext Editing System and FRESS. Andy van Dam, Brown University
• 1978 - Aspen Movie Map. Andy Lippman, MIT
• 1985 - Intermedia. • 1987 - HyperCard. Bill Atkinson, Apple• 1990 - World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee,
CERN
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Hypertext (media) Comes of Age
• 1993 - Hyperfiction. On the cover of the New York Times Book Review
• 1993 - Hypermedia Encyclopedias. Print encyclopedias are surpassed in sales by hypermedia ones.
• 1993 - A Hard Day's Night. Voyager.• 1995 - Netscape. Netscape Corp is traded
on the stock market.
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Designing a Hypertext
• When would you decide to use hypermedia for a work over print technology?
• How would you go about designing a hypermedia work?
• How would you make sure your readers are not lost in your hypermedia work?
• What sort of people would you need in a team?
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Hypertext and Interactivity
• Hypertext is one form of interactivity• The most common on the Web• Home Pages, Tables of Content, Navigation
Bars, Indexes, Site Maps, Associative Links, • Image Maps
• What are some other types?• Searching (Google)• Visualization (Video, Virtual Spaces)• Interactive Games and Toys
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Design of the Whole - Audience
What is the point of this work?
Who is your audience?
Why will they bother?
My Hypertext
How will they interact with it?
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Hypertext Topography
Home Page
Page 1 Page 2 Page 3
Branching
Linear
Axial
Home Page Page 1 Page 2 Page 3
Home Page
Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Annotation
Annotation
Annotation
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Page Structure
• Where am I?
• What can I do here?
• Where can I go?
Identification
Page Abstract
Content
Landmark Links
Internal Associations
Direction of R
eading
Toolbar
BannerTable of Contents
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Tips• Have a clear titling scheme so that the reader knows
where they are.• Keep the site fairly flat - don’t dice your content
into so many layers of pages that the reader gets lost.
• Be consistent - graphically and hypertextually.• Have a common toolbar at the bottom of every
page.• Have a credits page.• Have a signature at the bottom of each page.
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End