introduction to hadith and islamic law seth ward
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Introduction to Hadith and Islamic Law
Seth Ward
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Sources and Precedents
Qur’an: Basic source of Islamic law Revealed over 22 years. Earlier sections poetic, after 622 more legal
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Sources for Law
Other sources: Traditional Arab practice Practices of Muhammad or other early
Muslims Practice of Christians and Jews Decisions of early judges
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Umayyad
Abd al-Malik’s reforms
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Emergence of the Law Schools
Abu Hanīfa (Iraq) d. 767Features: Iraqi traditions, ra'y (opinion) and qiyas
(logic). Contemporary provenance: Lands once part of Ottoman Empire, Central Asia, South Asia
Malik b. Anas (Madina) d. 795Features: Medina and Hijaz traditions. "Living tradition"
as well as hadith of Muhammad, and the opinions of Malik. Contemporary provenance: North Africa and Upper Egypt
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Emergence of Law Schools
Al-Shāfi‘ī (b. Gaza, d. Egypt) d. 819 – often credited with four principles of Islamic law Qur’ān Hadīth Qiyās (“analogy”) Ijmā‘ (“consensus”)Contemporary provenance: South-East Asia, Lower
Egypt, Indian Ocean.
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Emergence of Law Schools
Ahmad ibn Hanbal (Baghdad) d. 855
Features: Hadith even more central; role of reasoning very limited.
Contemporary Provenance: Saudi Arabia—basis of wahhabi movement.
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Shi’a Law Schools
Zaydis (5-ers) Mostly Yemen, until nearly the present day.
Isma'ilis (7-ers) "split off" with 7th imam, Isma'il, who predeceased his father Ja’far al-Sadiq. Fatimid dynasty, "assassins" and today the Agha Khan; Druzes are an "offshoot"of this stream.
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Shi’a Law Schools
Imamis (12-ers) Their "law School" is called "Ja'afari" after Ja'far al-Sadiq, 6th imam, d. 765.The 12th Imam in ghayba "occultation" since 874; “greater occultation” since 939.
Other important imams: 2nd, 3rd: Hasan, Husein 5th: Muhammad al-Baqir, 7th: Musa al-Qazim. 8th Ali al-Rida.
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Other Law Schools
Zahiris: Ibn Hazm
Jariri (Tabari) – based on Abu Ja’far Muh. Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. c. 923)
The Jariri school was notable for its liberal attitudes toward the role of women; the Jariris for example held that women could be judges, and could lead men in prayer. (Wikipedia)
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Development of Hadith
sunna (pl sunan) “tradition” isnād “chain of transmitters,” matn “text.”
Abu Hurayra 5374 hadiths/ 1236 separate matns.
Bukhari 9082 hadiths, 2602 distinct matns Hadith Qudsi: A hadīth Muhammad is said to
have reported from God. Classification of transmitters: sahibi, talibi, talib-
al-talibin Ranking Transmitters
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Hadith
Searchable hadith database: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/reference/searchhadith.html . (mostly without isnāds).
Two important surviving early collectionsMalik (d. 795), Al-Muwatta Ahmad b. Hanbal (d. 855), Musnad The al-Muwatta is musannaf—organized according to subject—and includes Malik's view on the law. The Musnad is organized according to the companion of Muhammad who recited the tradition.
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Hadith Collections
Al-Bukhārī (d. 870) and Muslim b. al-Hajjaj (875): The “Sahihayn”
Both collections include only traditions considered to have the soundest transmission. "Al-Bukhari's jurisprudence is visible in his chapter headings" - Al-Bukhari's chapters have headings which often suggest the authoritative practice supported by the hadiths; Muslim did not include rubric headings.
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The four sunanCollections by these four authors include some "good" and even some "weak" traditions which were nevertheless useful because of their legal context.
al-Tirmidhi (d. 892),
Ibn Majah (d. 887),Abu Dawud (d. 888/9),
Al-Nasa'i (d. 915).
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Shi‘i Hadith
a. Nahj al-Balagha “Way of Eloquence”: Statements of ‘Ali http://al-islam.org/nahj/
b. The "Four Books" (al-kutub al-arba‘a):Al-Kulaynī (Muhammad b Ya‘qūb d. 329/941), al-Kāfī Ibn Bābawayhi (Muhammad. b. ‘Alī b. Husayn b. Mūsa, d. 381/991-2) Man lā yakhduruhu al-faqīhAl-Tūsī (Muh. b. Hasan, 460/1067) al-Istibsār and Al-Tūsī, Tahdhīb al-ahkām.
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Popular Husayn al-Baghawī, Mishkat al-Masabīh “Niche
for lights” –popular collection
Al-Nawawī, K. Al-Arba‘īn Nawai’s career is very indicative of the kinds of
things expected by this point: Commentary on Muslim’s Sahih and K. Al-Arba‘in; Minhāj al-Tālibīn, based on al-Rāfi‘ī’s k. Al-Muharrar; Commentaries on al-Rāfi‘ī’s commentary on Al-Ghazzali Al-Rawda fī mukhtasar sharh al-Rāfi‘ī lil-K. alWajīz lil-Ghazālī.
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Shia
12ers: The last imam disappeared in 874 “Ambassadors” until 941. By this time there were collections of
“Shia hadith” notably by al-Kulayni d. 941 Principles: Qur’an, Hadith of Muhammad,
traditions of Imams, Aql or mantiq. Other collections by Ibn Babawayh and al-
Tusi.
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Five categories (ahwal), Hadd, and Kings
Required Wājib, fard (individual and community). sunna mu‘āqada
Commendable Mustahabb Allowed or Neutral Mubāh Reprehensible Makrūh Prohibited Harām
http://hi-in.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=2441569136&topic=3510
“King’s Law” – al-ahkam al-sultaniyya. “Law of Government”
Muhtasib “Market Inspector” “HADD” PUNISHMENTS – theft, fornication, false
accusation of fornication