introduction to geology summer hssp 2007 einat lev & christy till dept. of earth, atmospheric,...
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Introduction to GeologyIntroduction to GeologySummer HSSP 2007Summer HSSP 2007
Einat Lev & Christy TillDept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Sciences
MIT
Why study geology?
Why study geology?
Curiosity and passion for nature!
Curiosity and passion for nature!
http://www.vulkaner.no/v/volcan/panarea_e.html
Iguazu waterfalls, Argentina
Torres del Paine, Chile
Stromboli, Italy
Dept. of Transportation website
IRIS website
http://americandigest.org/mt-archives/lagunalandslide1.jpg
Geologic HazardsGeologic Hazards
Landslides
VolcanoesEarthquakes
http://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/255352
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1158
Origin of life and the planets
An Intellectual ChallengeAn Intellectual Challenge
Understanding nature!!!
Mathematics Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Engineering
… … and we get to works OUTSIDE!and we get to works OUTSIDE!GPS stations
Seismometers
Gravimeters
What do geologists do for a living?
What do geologists do for a living?
Teaching
Exploration
Research labs
Government
Consulting and planning
HSSP Summer 2007 - Topics Covered
HSSP Summer 2007 - Topics Covered
Intro to Geology & Plate Tectonics
Volcanoes & Geochemistry
Rock types
Earthquakes & Seismology
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Determining the age of rocks
Structural Geology
Planetary Geology
“The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”?“The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”?
“The Ring of Fire”
Earthquakes and
Volcanoes around the
world
Earthquakes and
Volcanoes around the
world
http://ww
w.quakes.uq.edu.au/seis_m
aps/im
ages/Seism
icity-world.gif
http://earth.rice.edu/MT
PE
/geo/
geosph
ere/hot/volcanoes/
volcanoes_b2.h
tml
Earthquakes of the world
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Present day tectonic platesPresent day tectonic plates
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Present day tectonic platesPresent day tectonic plates
1858: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini,
French Geographer
1858: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini,
French Geographer
1912Alfred Lothar Wegener
32 year old meteorologistProposed theory of “continental
drift”
1912Alfred Lothar Wegener
32 year old meteorologistProposed theory of “continental
drift”
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
How do we know the plates fit together?
How do we know the plates fit together?
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Location of the
continents since
225 million years ago
Location of the
continents since
225 million years ago
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Movie – The break-up of PangeaMovie – The break-up of Pangea
Why did Pangea break apart?
How do the plates move?
Why did Pangea break apart?
How do the plates move?
The types of plate boundariesThe types of plate boundaries
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading)
http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php
Movie
http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/Lec12.html
Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading)
Mid-ocean ridge
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Mid-ocean ridges (MORs)
http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/Lec12.html
Modern example of a new divergent boundary
How do we study mid-ocean ridges?
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Black smoker eruptinghigh temperature gases
Lavas erupted underwaterform pillow shapes
But the surface of the Earth isn’t growing….
How are plates destroyed?
But the surface of the Earth isn’t growing….
How are plates destroyed?
The types of plate boundariesThe types of plate boundaries
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php
Movie
Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_12.asp
ocean-ocean subduction ocean-cont. subduction
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/117-IntroductiontoGeology/Lec19/lec19b.html
continent-continent collision
ocean-continent subduction
Can we see the subducted plate? YES!
Can we see the subducted plate? YES!
http://www.ncedc.org/anss/maps/cnss-depth.html
Zhao et al, Science, 1997
Seismic tomography
Earthquakes location
One other way plates interact
One other way plates interact
The types of plate boundariesThe types of plate boundaries
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Transform boundaries (strike-slip faults)
San Andreas Fault
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/ex4s02answers.htm
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php
Movie - Transform plate boundary in Western US
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
What are the plates moving over?
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
What causes the plates to move?
http://skolelab.uib.no/kurs/2004v/North_Atlantic_bathymetry_300.jpg
What is the tectonic setting of Boston?
MIT
Volcanoes!!!Volcanoes!!!
Next time – Next time –