introduction to geographic information analysis · introduction to geographic information analysis...
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![Page 1: Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis SERGIO REY Geographic Information Analysis School of Geographical Sciences and Urban](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08ef797e708231d424703e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis
SERGIO REY
Geographic Information AnalysisSchool of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning
Arizona State University
Geographic Information Analysis by Sergio Reyis licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
![Page 3: Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis SERGIO REY Geographic Information Analysis School of Geographical Sciences and Urban](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08ef797e708231d424703e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
![Page 4: Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis SERGIO REY Geographic Information Analysis School of Geographical Sciences and Urban](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08ef797e708231d424703e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
GIS Then
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GIS Then
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GIS Now
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GIS Functions
Anselin-Getis (1992) TaxonomyInputStorageAnalysisOutput
Many other taxonomies
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GIScience
Goodchild (1992)cross-disciplinarycentral role for spatial analysisscientific glue
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
![Page 10: Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis SERGIO REY Geographic Information Analysis School of Geographical Sciences and Urban](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08ef797e708231d424703e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is Spatial Analysis?
From Data to InformationBeyond mappingadded valuetransformations, manipulations and application of analyticalmethods to spatial (geographic data)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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Locational Invariance
How Insights Change with locationspatial analysis is not locationally invariantthe results change when the locations of the study objects changewhere matters
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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State Income Distributions 1929
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State Income Distributions 1929
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Randomized Income Distribution 1929
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Randomized Income Density 1929
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Locational Invariance
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Spatial Autocorrelation Income 1929
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Spatial Autocorrelation Randomized Income 1929
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Locational Variance
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Components of Spatial Analysis
Mapping and Geovisualizationshowing interesting patterns
Exploratory Spatial Data Analysisdiscovering interesting patterns
Spatial Modelingexplaining interesting patterns
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Summary: Spatial Analysis
Beyond MappingCentral role for analysis
Distinguished by Locational VarianceLocation matters
ComponentsShowing, discovering, explaining
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
![Page 23: Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis SERGIO REY Geographic Information Analysis School of Geographical Sciences and Urban](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08ef797e708231d424703e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
EDA: John Tukey (1977)
EDA is an approach, notsimply a set oftechniques, but anattitude/philosophyabout how a dataanalysis should becarried out.Postpones the usualassumptions about whatkind of model the datafollow
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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Goals and Purpose of EDA
Set of techniques tomaximize insight into a data setuncover underlying structuresextract important variablesdetect outliers and anomaliestest underlying assumptionssuggest hypothesesdevelop parsimonious models
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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EDA Components
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EDA Techniques
Statistical GraphicsEDA relies heavily on statistical graphicsEDA is not identical to statistical graphicsGraphics support pattern recognition and open-mindedexplorationInteractive graphics push this even further
Quantitative MethodsAlthough heavily graphic in orientation, there are also a number ofnumerical techniques in EDA.
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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EDA Versus Confirmatory Analysis
Confirmatory Analysis (e.g. regression)Problem → Theory → Model → Data → Conclusion
Exploratory AnalysisProblem → Data → Analysis → Model
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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Outline
1 GIS and Spatial AnalysisBig PictureWhat is Spatial Analysis?
2 EDA and ESDAExploratory Data Analysis (EDA)Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
![Page 29: Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis · Introduction to Geographic Information Analysis SERGIO REY Geographic Information Analysis School of Geographical Sciences and Urban](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08ef797e708231d424703e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What is ESDA?
DefinitionsType of EDAExtended to include spatial attributes of the data
Cross fertilizationApplying classic EDA to spatial dataDeveloping new EDA methods for spatial dataInteractions between EDA and ESDA
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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How does ESDA fit in spatial analysis?
Spatial Modeling?Modeling based on assumptionsESDA largely model freeMatter of degree (e.g., clustering)
Mapping?Maps play a critical role in ESDADoes a map = ESDA?No. ESDA = map, manipulation + visualization
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org
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PySAL and ESDA (Video)
c© 2015- Sergio Rey Geographic Information Analysis http://sergerey.org