introduction to general pathology ii 2013.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
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It is the Scientific study of disease" ."scientific study of the molecular, cellular, tissue, or
organ system response to injurious agents."
Definition of pathology
Pathology serves as a "bridge" or "link" between the
preclinical sciences (anatomy, physiology, etc.)
and the courses in clinical medicine.
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General Pathology
Common changes in all tissues. e.g.. Inflammation,
cancer, ageing, edema, hemorrhage .etc.
Systemic Pathology
Discussing the pathologic mechanisms in relation to
various organ systems e.g. CVS, CNS, GIT..etc.
Learning Pathology:
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Pathology focuses on 4 aspects of disease:
ETIOLOGY: Cause of disease.
PATHOGENESIS:
Mechanisms of development of disease.
MORPHOLOGY:
The structural alterations induced in cell and tissues.
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES:
Functional results of the morphologic changes, as
observed clinically.
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Biopsy: Removal andexamination of tissue obtainedfrom the living body
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pathogenesis
The sequence events in the response of the cells or
tissues to the etiologic agent, from the time it is initiated
to its final conclusion in recovery or death
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Clinical Symptoms & Signs
Clinical signs are seen only in the living individual.
Functional evidence of disease which can be
determined objectively or by the observer" (fever,
tenderness, increased respiratory rate, etc. )
Clinical symptoms are the patients complain
usually by its own words.
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Tumors based on
* cell of origin * biologic behavior
Benign
Epithelial Mesenchymal
Malignant
Epithelial Mesenchymal
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Differences between benign and malignant tumors
Feature Benign Malignant
Capsulat ion Usually present Usually absent
Mode of g rowth By expansion By infiltration
Differentiation Well differentiated Variable
Anaplasia Absent Present
Rate of gro wth Slow Rapid
Metastases Does not happen May occur
Recurrence Usually do not recur Common
Fate Cured by excision Usually fatal
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Differentiation and Anaplasia
Benign tumorsWell differentiated
Malignant tumorsRange from well to poorly differentiated
Hallmarks of anaplasia :Cells and nuclei show pleomorphismCells contain abundant DNA, coarse, clumped chromatinLarge NC ratio (1:1) rather than (1:4)Large nucleoliLarge of mitosis
DysplasiaPrecancerous condition in epithelial tissue
Anaplastic cells in epithelium
Dysplasia does not always progress to cancer
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Rate of Growth
Benign tumors
Generally grow slowly over a period of yearsMalignant tumors
Grow rapidly at an erratic pace
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Local Invasion
Benign tumorsgrow as cohesive, expanding masses that remain
localized to site of originDo not have capacity to metastasize to distant sitesFrequently are surrounded by a fibrous cap
Malignant tumors
Grow with progressive infiltration, invasion anddestruction of host tissuePoorly demarcated from surrounding normal tissue
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Benign
Malignant
Metastasi s
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Metastasis
Tumor implants that are discontinuous from theprimary tumors
30% of newly diagnosed patients with solidtumors present with metastasesHow do cancers spread?
Direct seeding of body cavities or surfacesLymphatic spread (carcinomas)Hematogenous spread (sarcomas)
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Benign tumors
In general, benign tumors are designated byattaching the suffix -oma to the cell of origin.Tumors of mesenchymal cells generally follow thisrule.
fibroblastic cells fibroma, cartilaginous tumor chondroma, tumor of osteoblasts osteoma
Nomenclature of benign epithelial tumors is more
complex. They are variously classified, based on:their cells of originmicroscopic architecturemacroscopic patterns.
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Thank you