introduction to facts
DESCRIPTION
Flexible AC Transmission systemTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM- ”FACTS”
![Page 2: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1) INTRODUCTION2) CLASSIFICATION 3) SERIES COMPENSATOR4) PARALLEL COMPENSATOR5) COMBINED COMPENSATOR6) IPSC7) SCCL8) COMPARISON WITH HVDC
TOPICS
![Page 3: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Power system can be separated into three areas :- 1.Generation 2.Transmission 3.Distribution
POWER SYSTEM
![Page 4: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
• Voltage stability
• Reactive power problems • Steady state stability
• Transient Stability
INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS
• Load Flow Problems (needs management of
Congestion) • Voltage Stability • Frequency Control
• Oscillation Stability • Inter-Area Oscillations
LIMITATIONS OF LARGE AC SYSTEMS
![Page 5: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
“A power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability”.
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – DEFINITION
![Page 6: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The two main reasons for incorporating FACTS devices in electric power systems are:
Raising dynamic stability limits.
Provide better power flow control.
Reasons for operating the FACTS
![Page 7: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Improved power transmission capability.
• Improved system stability.
• Improved power quality.
• Minimized transmission losses.
Benefits of facts
![Page 8: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Typical Power System
![Page 9: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
We know that,
Three main variables that can be directly controlled in the power system to impact its performance. These are :
a. Voltageb. Anglec. Impedance
![Page 10: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Power Flow Control1400 MW
![Page 11: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from the source to the load by converting voltages and currents from one form to another.
ThyristorGTO’sIGBT
~ LConverter
Source Output to Load- Adjustable DC- Sinusoidal AC- High-frequency ACController
Power Electronics Interface
Role of Power Electronics
![Page 13: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
FACTS CONTROLLERS
SERIES
SSSC TCSC
SHUNT
SVC STATCOM
COMBINED
UPFC IPF C
TYPE OF FACTS CONTROLLERS
![Page 14: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Generation of FACTS
1 Generation of FACTS (SVC & TCSC)
2 Generation of FACTS (STATCOM & SSSC).
3 Generation of FACTS (UPFC & IPFC).
![Page 15: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Details
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
![Page 16: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Power factor correction through continuous voltage injection and in combination with a properly structured controller.
• Load balancing in interconnected distribution networks.
• It can also help to cover the capacitive and reactive power demand.
• Power flow control.• Reduces harmonic distortion by active filtering.
Benefits of SSSC
![Page 17: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator(TCSC)
![Page 18: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Series Capacitor banks installations protected by thyristors.
BENEFITS • Increased Power Transfer Capability. • Improved Transient Stability. • Lower Transmission Losses. • Improved Grid voltage control.
OTHER APPLICATIONS • Power Oscillation Damping. • Sub-synchronous Resonance Mitigation. • Transient Stability Mitigation.
![Page 20: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Comparison:
![Page 21: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Static Var Compensator(SVC)
Details
![Page 22: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Static Var Compensator(SVC)The static Var compensator regulates the voltage by controlling the amount of reactive power absorbed from or injected into the power system. For example, it generates reactive power by switching capacitor banks when the system voltage is low or loads are inductive. Consequently, the reactive power demand of the lagging load is supplied by the SVC – relieving the distributing lines from delivering it. Thus, the voltage drop decreases and the voltage at the load terminals shall improve.
Likewise, the static var compensator absorbs reactive power when the system voltage is high or loads are capacitive. In this case, the SVC uses the reactors to consume the VARs from the system, thereby lowering the system voltage.
![Page 23: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SVC
![Page 24: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Maximized power compensation
• Near-instantaneous response to system voltage variations
• Increased customer’s economic benefits
• Eliminate harmonics and reduce voltage distortion with appropriate shunt filters
• Load balancing on three-phase systems
Benefits of SVC
![Page 25: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
STATCOM
STATCOM- Static Compensator
![Page 26: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Comparison:
![Page 28: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
)Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
![Page 29: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CONTROLLER-OPERATION
![Page 30: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
It is a Combined Series-Shunt Controller.
STATCOM and SSSC used for shunt and series compensation respectively.
BENEFITS
• Increases Transmission line capacity (by installing a series capacitor which reduces the net series impedance) .
• Power System Oscillation Damping.
• Control of active and reactive power flow at both sending and receiving end.
![Page 31: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the shunt inverter to control bus voltage.
Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the series inverter to control the real and/or reactive power flow on the transmission line.
A portion of the real power flow on the transmission line is drawn from the bus by the shunt inverter to charge the DC capacitor.
Real power is inserted into the line through the series inverter.
![Page 32: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Interline Power Flow Controller-UPFC
![Page 33: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
REASONS OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT • Increasing Generation in high load density networks. • Interconnection between systems.
If the short-circuit current rating of the equipment in the system is exceeded, the equipment must be either upgraded or replaced, both are either very cost- or time-intensive.
Previously,Current Limitation by using reactor was done but it reduces system stability.
SCCL (Short Circuit Current Limitation) WITH FACTS
![Page 34: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
This new device operateswith zero impedance insteady-state conditionsand in case of a shortcircuit, it is switched to thelimiting-reactor impedancewithin a few milliseconds.
Uses a reactor along withTPSC (Thyristor ProtectedSeries Compensator).
![Page 35: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HVDC • Economically transmit
electrical energy long distances via overhead lines or cable.
• Connects asynchronous grids or grids with
different frequencies.
• Costly equipments used and takes time-not so widespread.
FACTS • Offers low-cost power
delivery with the same advantages as HVDC.
• Increases Capacity of existing electrical
Transmission System.
• Rapidly Implemented Installations.
HVDC and FACTS
![Page 36: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Introduction to FACTS](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061108/544e0d31af7959e8178b5210/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Thanks to All of
YOU…