introduction to ecology cont’d. introduction to ecology how do you know you are talking to a real...
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Introduction to Ecology cont’d
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Introduction to Ecology
• How do you know you are talking to a real ecologist? They always answer any question the same way.
Rob Colwell
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Introduction to Ecology
• How do you know you are talking to a real ecologist? They always answer any question the same way.
• “Well it depends…”
Rob Colwell
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Ecology is:
• A science of dependency
• A probabilistic science
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Intermediate Number Systems
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The first ecologists?
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Two Founders of Ecology
Ernst Haeckel Eugene Warming
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Definitions of Ecology
• Haeckel – 1870 – By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature – the investigation of the total relations of the animal both to its inorganic and organic environment.
• Tansley – 1904 – (Ecology is) Those relations of plants, with their surroundings and with one another, which depend directly upon differences of habitat among plants.
• Elton – 1927 – Ecology is the new name for a very old subject. It simply means scientific natural history.
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Definitions of Ecology cont’d
• Andrewartha – 1961 – Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.
• Krebs – 1972, 2008 – Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms.
• Townsend et al. 2003 – Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine distribution and abundance.
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We study these interactions via:
• Descriptive studies
• Modeling – verbal, graphical or mathematical
• Experiments in nature
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The Fundamental Equation of Ecology – Harper 1977
Δ N = B – D + I – E
Change in Number = Births – Deaths + Immigration - Emigration
John L. Harper – 1925-2009
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Some Definitions of Terms• environment - biotic and abiotic factors that
influence organisms
• organism - individual living thing
• population - many individuals of one species living close enough to each other to potentially interbreed
• community - all interacting populations in a particular habitat - includes plants, animals, decomposer microbes - pond or forest community. - in practice often used when 2 or more species discussed
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Some Definitions of Terms• ecosystem - community plus abiotic factors - nutrients,
water, soil, climate, etc. - pond ecosystem
• habitat - place where microbe, plant or animal lives
• biosphere - the earth and all its ecological systems
• autecology - relation of individual organism to environment
• synecology - relation of populations or species to other populations or species
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How to study ecology?
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Initial Observation
Hypothesis
reasoning?
Experiment
Observation/Data Analysis
Interpretation
Hypothesis not Supported
NewHypothesis
NewExperiment
NewObservation
Final Hypothesis Supported
Theory
Scientific methodis a repetitiveprocess that leadsto the buildingof theories
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Creosote and sage brush desert
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Diagram of desert plant root growth
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Statistics - a powerful tool for analyzing data
1. Descriptive Statistics - provide an overview of the attributes of a data set. These include measurements of central tendency (frequency histograms, mean, median, & mode) and dispersion (range, variance & standard deviation)
2. Inferential Statistics - provide measures of how well your data support your hypothesis and if your data are generalizable beyond what was tested (significance tests)
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Differences Between Means
Asks whether samples come from populations with different means
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
A
Y
B CA
Y
B C
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Observational Studies
pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1209/studyunit_design.htm
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Watering Hole showing Piosphere
Piosphere is an area of land degraded by many animals gathering around a watering hole
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Model of Piosphere
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Lab Experiments
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Field Experiments
Pelvetiopsis
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Rothamsted, England – Broadbalk Wheat Experiment
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Rothamsted,England – Park GrassExperiment
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Natural snapshot experiment
Succession following avalanches at different times
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Natural trajectory experiment
Eruption of Krakatau – 1883