introduction to earth science section 1- what is earth science section 2- science as a process
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Earth Science
Section 1- What is Earth ScienceSection 2- Science as a Process
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Section One
• What is Earth Science– The scientific study of Earth and the universe
around it
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History
• Chinese scientist began keeping record of earthquakes as early as 780 BC
• For many centuries, scientific discoveries were limited to observations of phenomena
• 16th and 17th Century the microscope and telescope were invented
• Eventually, the body of knowledge about Earth became known as Earth Science
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Branches of Earth Science
• Geology• Oceanography• Meteorology• Astronomy
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Geology
• The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that shape the Earth
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Oceanography
• The scientific study of the ocean, including the properties and movement s of ocean water, the characteristics of the ocean floor, and the organisms that live in the ocean
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Meteorology
• The scientific study of Earth’s atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and climate
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Astronomy
• The scientific study of the universe• One of the oldest branches of science
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The Importance of Earth Science
• Natural forces not only shape Earth, but also affect life on Earth
• Why is it important to understand the Earth science?
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Section Two
• Science as a Process– The goal of science is to explain natural
phenomena– Scientist ask questions about natural events and
then work to answer those questions through experiments and examination
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Behavior of Natural Systems
• Scientist start with the assumption that nature is understandable
• Scientist also expect that nature is predictable
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Scientific Methods
• A development of organized and logical approaches to scientific research
• Scientific Methods are NOT:– A set of sequential steps that scientist always
follow• Scientific Methods are:– Guidelines to scientific problem solving
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Ask A Question
• Observation– The process of obtaining information by using the
senses; the information obtained by using the senses
– They often lead to questions
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Form a Hypothesis
• Hypothesis– An idea or explanation that is based on
observations and that can be tested– Most are based on known facts about similar
events
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Test the Hypothesis
• An experiment is a procedure that is carried out according to certain guidelines
• Factors that can be changed in an experiment are variables
• Variables:– Independent Variable
• In an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated
– Dependent Variable• In an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of
manipulation of one or more other factors
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Draw Conclusions
• After many experiments and observations, a scientist may reach conclusions about his or her hypothesis
• If the hypothesis fits the know facts– It is accepted as TRUE
• If results differ– It may be changed or discarded
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Scientific Measurements and Analysis
• Measurement– The comparison of some aspect of an object or
event with a standard unit• International System of Units (SI)– This system includes standard measurements for:• Length• Mass• Temperature• Volume
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Accuracy and Precision
• Accuracy– How close the measurement is to the true value of
the thing being measured• Precision– The exactness of the measurement
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Error
• An expression of the amount of imprecision or variation in a set of measurements
• Expressed as a Percentage Error:
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Observations and Models
• Model– A description, representation, or imitation of an
object, system, process, or concept• Physical Models• Graphical Models
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Acceptance of Scientific Ideas
• When scientist reach a conclusion, they introduce their findings to the scientific community
• New scientific ideas undergo review and testing by other scientist before the ideas are accepted
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Publication of Results and Conclusions
• Scientist commonly present the results of their work in scientific journal or a professional meetings
• Many journal are now being published online to allow scientist quicker access to the results of other scientist
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Peer Review
• The process in which several experts on a given topic review another expert’s work on that topic before the work gets published
• Serves as a filter, which allows only well-supported ideas to be published
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Formulating a Theory
• The explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning; that is supported by a large quantity of evidence; and that does not conflict with any existing experimental results or observations
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The Importance of Interdisciplinary Science
• The free exchange of ideas between fields of science allows scientist to identify explanations that fit a wide range of scientific evidence
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Science and Society
• Scientific knowledge helps us understand our world
• Science is a part of society, and advances in science can have important and long-lasting effects on both science and society