introduction to computers section 4a. home decimal number system called base 10 because 10 symbols...
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Introduction to Computers
Section 4ASection 4A
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Decimal Number System
Called base 10 because 10 symbols are
available
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Binary Number System
Computers function in base 2, or the
binary number system, where there are
only two values
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Bit
A combination of binary digit
The smallest possible unit of data a computer can recognize or use
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Byte
A group of eight bits
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Text Codes
EBCDIC
ASCII
Unicode
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CPU
The CPU is the computer’s “brain” that
manipulates data
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CPU’s Two Basic Parts
Control unit
Arithmetic logic unit
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Control Unit
Manages all the computer’s resources
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Arithmetic Logic Unit
Performs the CPU’s arithmetic and
logical operations
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Machine Cycle
The completed series of steps the CPU
takes to execute an instruction
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Machine Cycle’s Two Cycles
Instruction cycle
Execution cycle
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Instruction Cycle
Fetching
Decoding
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Execution Cycle
Executing
Storing
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Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
The CPU performance measurement
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Pipelining
Also called pipeline processing
The control unit begins a new machine
cycle before the current cycle is
completed
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Memory
Allows the CPU to store and retrieve
data quickly
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Two Kinds of Memory
Read-only memory (ROM): nonvolatile
Random-access memory (RAM): volatile
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ROM
ROM always holds the same data, for
example the computer’s start-up
instructions
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RAM
RAM’s job is to hold programs and data
while they are in use
RAM can change instantly
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Other Kinds of RAM
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
DRAM Variations
Static RAM (SRAM)
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Factors Affecting Processing Speed
Registers
Memory and computing power
System clock
The bus
The databus
The address bus
Cache memory
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Bus Types
Industry standard architecture (ISA) bus
Local bus
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
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Data Transfer Rate
The amount of data buses can transfer in a
second
Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or
megabytes per second (MBps)
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Cache memory
Speeds processing by storing
frequently used data or instructions in
its high-speed memory
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Section 4ASection 4A
Transforming Data Into Transforming Data Into InformationInformation