introduction to chemistry. chemistry the study of the composition, structure, and properties of...
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Introduction to Chemistry
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Chemistry
The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.
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Branches of Chemistry
•Organic – carbon containing compounds•Inorganic – metals and anything not organic•Physical – properties / changes / energy•Analytical – identification and composition of
materials•Biochemistry – living things•Theoretical – math & computers to understand
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Research & Technology
•Basic Research – for the sake of knowledge•Applied Research – to solve a problem•Technological Development – improve quality of life
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Mass is a measure of the amount of matter.
Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.
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Building Blocks of Matter
•Atom – smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element.
•Element – pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.
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•Compound – substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
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Extensive Properties
Volume Mass Amount of energy
depend on the amount of matter present.
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Intensive Properties
Melting Point Boiling Point Density Electrical Conductivity
do not depend on the amount of matter present.
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Physical Properties
Density Color Melting point
can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance.
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Chemical Properties
Flammability (tendency of a substance to burn in air)
Reactivity Toxicity
relate to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance.
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Physical Changes
If it is still the same substance when you are done with it, it is a physical change.
Ex: Crushing, tearing, Evaporating Water (still H2O), any phase change.
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Chemical Changes
If it is NOT the same substance when you are done with it, it is a chemical change.
Ex: Cooking or burning something, Rusting metal.
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How Do You Know?
Chemical Change: Bubbling, color change, temperature change.
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Energy is always either used or given off in any physical or chemical change.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed (Law of Conservation of Energy).
Energy
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*Ask Yourself …
Has the change altered the identity of the substance?
If yes … Chemical Change If no … Physical Change
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States of Matter
Solid – definite shape and definite volume.
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States of Matter
Liquid – indefinite shape but definite volume – takes shape of container.
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States of Matter
Gas – no definite shape or volume – expands to fill container and takes shape of container.
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States of Matter
Plasma – no definite shape or volume – a high temperature state where atoms lose most of their electrons.
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States of Matter
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Changes in State
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Changes in Matter
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Mixture: A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. Can be separated.
Pure Substance: Has a fixed composition.
Classification of Matter
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Compounds (Ex: water, sodium chloride, sucrose)
Elements (Ex: gold, aluminum, oxygen, chlorine)
Pure Substances
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Homogeneous: same throughout
(Ex: air, stainless steel, solutions like sugar-water)
Heterogeneous: not the same throughout (Ex: granite, wood, blood)
*Mixtures
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Filtration – pour liquid through paper that catches solid and lets liquid pass through.
Can only be used on a heterogeneous mixture of a liquid and a solid.
Separating Mixtures
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Distillation Crystallization Chromatography
Separating Homogeneous Mixtures by……
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Chromatography – solution is separated by allowing it to flow along a stationary substance.
Separating Homogeneous Mixtures
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Distillation – separates by different boiling points.
Separating Homogeneous Mixtures
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Crystallization – boil off or evaporate off the liquid and you are left with the solid.
*Separating Homogeneous Mixtures
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Intro to Periodic Table
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Metals Nonmetals Metalloids
Organizing the Squares
Groups or families – Vertical columns
Groups have similar chemical and physical properties.
Periods – Horizontal Rows
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Luster - shiny Conduct Electricity & Heat Malleable – hammered
into thin sheets Ductile – drawn into wire
Properties of Metals
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No Luster – not shiny Nonconductors Brittle Non-Ductile
Properties of Non-Metals
SULFURHelium
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Also called semimetals Have properties of both
metals and non-metals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb
Properties of Metalloids
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Group Names
Alkali MetalsAlkaline Earth MetalsTransition MetalsHalogensNoble Gases
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Inert Gases do not readily react. Are gases at room temperature.
*Noble Gases