chapter 1. chemistry ◦ the study of matter and changes it undergoes organic chemistry ◦ carbon...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 1
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Chemistry◦ The study of matter and changes it undergoes
Organic Chemistry◦ Carbon containing chemicals◦ Pharmaceuticals (drugs), plastics
Inorganic Chemistry◦ Matter with no Carbon◦ Minerals, metals and non-metals
Branches of Chemistry
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Physical Chemistry◦ Behavior and change of matter and energy
(chemistry and physics combined)◦ Reaction Rates, reaction mechanisms (how fast
reactions take place and how to speed them up) Analytical Chemistry
◦ Composition of substance◦ Food nutrients, quality control, FDA
Biochemistry◦ Processes of living organisms◦ Metabolism, fermentation
Branches of Chemistry
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The scientific method is an organized set of investigation procedures.
• 6 common steps1. State the problem2. Gather information3. Forming a hypothesis4. Testing the hypothesis5. Analyzing the data6. Drawing a conclusion
Scientific Method
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1.State the Problem(Questions)2.Make Observation – do research
Visual Observations Existing Knowledge
3.Create a Hypothesis Tentative explanation, a testable statement or
prediction DOES NOT need to be a question
Scientific Method (Step 1,2,3)
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4.Experiments Set of controlled observations Tests one variable at a time
Independent Variable- Plan to change Dependent Variable- Value changes in
response to independent variable Control Group- Standard for comparison Experimental Group – Where one changes the
independent variable.
Scientific Method (Step 4)
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5.Data: Graphs, Tables, Lists, etc.Collect data
◦ Qualitative Data- describes a property w/out measurements, uses senses (ex. Color)
◦ Quantitative data – data collected using measurements (ex. Volume)
6.Conclusion Judgment based on information; Responds to purpose;
Analysis of results
Scientific Method (Step 5,6)
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◦ Explanation supported by many, many experiments can be modified, lead to new conclusions
◦ Examples of Theories:
Scientific Theory
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◦ No exceptions to laws, in any experiment
◦ Example of Laws:
Scientific Law
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Total amount of matter in the universe remains constant
Matter can’t be created nor destroyed Total amount b/4 reaction= total amount
after reaction Ex. Balancing equations
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Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can’t be created nor destroyed Total amount remains constant Can transform into different types of energyEx. Match: potential chemical energy into
heat, light, sound, kinetic
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Scientific Research◦ Pure Research: seeks for knowledge itself◦ Applied Research:To solve specific problem
(disease research) Chance discoveries
◦ Botox
Research
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Anything that has mass and takes up space. Examples of matter:
Examples of non-matter:
Matter
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a. Inertia
Resistance to change in motion or resistance to change in direction or rate
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b. Mass
Amount of matter in an objectMeasure of the inertiaDoes NOT change from place to place
Measure with a balance
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c. Weight
Measure of the force of gravity between 2 objects
Weight= mass X gravityChanges with locationMeasure with scale
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2. Energy
Property possessed by matter, ability to do work
We are interested in the energy changes that take place
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Types of Energy Potential- energy due to the objects
position, also stored energy (ex. Battery- chemical potential energy)
Kinetic- energy of motion Radiant- energy that goes in all directions
(light, x-rays, UV), transferred by electromagnetic waves
Other- heat, sound, nuclear, electric
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Visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanations of how things occur.
Where have you seen models before?
Models
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Lab Equipment
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Lab Equipment