introduction to cells. history of cells robert hooke, 1665 anton von leeuwenhoek, 1674 matthias...
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INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
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History of Cells
Robert Hooke, 1665
Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674
Matthias Schleiden, 1838
Theodor Schwann,
1839
Rudolph Virchow, 1855
Janet Plowe, 1931
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Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....
(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)
In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right).He was the first person to use the term “cells”.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms.He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.
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Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden
all plants are made of cells
Cell Theory
Theodore Schwann
all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
all cells came from pre-existing cells
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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
• all living things are made up of cells• cells are the basic units of structure and function in
an organism• new cells are produced from existing cells
Matthias Schleiden
concluded that all plants are made of
cells (1838)
Theodore Schwann
concluded that all animals are made
of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchowconcluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells
(1855)
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Cell Specialization
Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks.
Red Blood Cells
Muscle Cells Stomata
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Terms
• Cell – the smallest unit that can carry on the processes of life.
• Unicellular – consists of only one cell
• Multicellular – consists of more than one cell
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Cell TypesPROKARYOTE• No nucleus• No membrane-bound
organelles• Small ribosomes• Most cells are 1 -10 μm in
size• Evolved 3.5 billion years ago• Found only in
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
EUKARYOTE• Has nucleus• Many organelles• Larger ribosomes• Cells can be between 2 -
1,000 μm in size• Evolved 1.5 billion years
ago• Includes Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms
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Structure and Function of Cells
Cell Type Example
Prokaryotic Bacteria
Eukaryotic ProtistaFungiPlants Animal
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Prokaryotic Cells
https://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/bacteria/
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…. Different Image
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Common Components and Cellular Organization
• Plasma Membrane– boundary surrounding the cell
• Genetic material: DNA– located in a membrane-bound nucleus
for eukaryotic cells• Cytoplasm
– Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst)
• Cytoskeleton– network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm
that maintains cell shape, allows movement
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Features of Prokaryotic Cells
• All prokaryotic cells containStructure Function
Plasma Membrane Regulates flow of substances into and out of cell
Nucleoid Cytoplasmic region containing genetic material
Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluidRibosomesEnzyme
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Features of Prokaryotic Cells
• All prokaryotic cells containStructure Function
Cell Wall Supports cellMaintains shape
Capsule Protects from dryingProtects against white blood cells
Infolded Plasma Membranes MetabolismCell division
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Features of Prokaryotic Cells
• All prokaryotic cells containStructure Function
Bacterial Flagellum Movement
Plasmid Small circular DNA Replicates independently
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Applying Your Knowledge
1. Cell Wall2. Flagellum 3. Capsule4. Plasmid5. Nucleoid
In bacterial cells:where is the genetic material located? which one is used for movement?which one provides structural support for the cell?
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Prokaryotic Cell Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYe5tHaEXRE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s
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Your Turn to Draw a Prokaryotic Cell
• Now I would like you in your groups to draw a prokaryotic cell on your paper.
• Make sure to label your parts. – Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you.
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Vocabulary
• Pill• Capsule• Cell Wall• Plasma Membrane • Ribosomes• DNA• Flagellum• Cytoplasm
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Lets Review
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Exit Card
• Tell me one thing that you learned about Prokaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Cell Parts
• Cells – the basic unit of life
• Organelles - small structures inside a cell with specific functions.
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A) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
1. Function: Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell.
2. Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins
Cell membrane
Analogy – Lyndhurst city limits
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B) Cytoplasm
1. Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol) a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles.
2. Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for nucleus
Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Lyndhurst, except City
Hall
Cytoplasm
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C) Nucleus
1. Function: “Control Center.” Regulates DNA & RNA actions.
2. Structure: membrane bound, contains DNA
Analogy – City Hall
Nucleus
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D) Nuclear Envelope
1. Function: Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus.
2. Structure: Double Layer of Lipids
Nuclear Envelope
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E) Nucleolus
Analogy – The Mayor
1. Function: Produces RNA, which are used to make all proteins.
2. Structure: Inside Nucleus, separate from DNA
Nucleolus
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F) DNA
Analogy – The Laws or City Code
1. Function: information on how to make proteins. a. Chromatin – unorganized DNA (normal state)b. Chromosomes – organized DNA (present before cell
division
2. Structure: Made up of nucleotides, locked in the nucleus
DNA (chromatin)
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G) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks
1. Function: Transportation route for proteins.a. Rough ER: has ribosomes b. Smooth ER: no ribosomes
2. Structure: tubes and channels
Rough ER
Smooth ER
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H) Ribosomes
Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders.
1. Function: Makes proteins. 2. Structure: small circular organelles
Ribosomes
Free Ribosomes
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I) Vacuoles and Vesicles
Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks.
1. Function: Storage for water, nutrients or waste. 2. Structure: small membrane-bound organelle.
Vesicles
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J) Lysosomes
Analogy – Recycling center
1. Function: packets of enzymes that break down materials in a cell.
2. Structure: Small membrane-bound organelles
Lysosomes
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K) Mitochondria
Analogy – PG&E, Electric Companies
1. Function: Produce energy for the cell – site of cellular respiration. “The Powerhouse”
2. Structure: Double membrane-bound, kidney shaped.
Mitochondria
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L) Golgi Apparatus
Analogy – Post Office
1. Function: Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell.
2. Structure: Pancake-shaped layered organelle
Golgi Apparatus
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M) Cytoskeleton
Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams
1. Function: Provide support and structure for the cell. a. Microfilaments b. Microtubules
2. Structure: Tubules
Microfilaments
Microtubules
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N) Centrioles (Animals Only)
Analogy – Lyndhurst vs. North Arlington
1. Function: microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division.
• Structure: Tubules
Centrioles
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O) Cilia & Flagella
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
1. Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.
2. Structure:a. Flagella – 1 long fiber b. Cilia – many short fibers
FlagellaFlagella Cilia
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O) Cilia & Flagella
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
1. Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.
2. Structure:a. Flagella – 1 long fiber b. Cilia – many short fibers
FlagellaFlagella Cilia
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P) Chloroplasts (Plants only)
Analogy – Solar Panels
1. Function: site of photosynthesis (converting sun and CO2 into sugar).
2. Structure: Membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
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Q) Cell Wall (Plant cells only)
Analogy – ground, rock wall
1. Function: Provides support for the cell and the plant.
2. Structure: Made of cellulose
Cell Wall
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Video
• Animal Cell– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzj6TRnXmps
• Plant Cell – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uohe2V4yOz
E
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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Your Turn to Draw a Eukaryotic Cell
• Now I would like you in your groups to draw a prokaryotic cell on your paper. – Left Side of the room – Plant Cell – Right Side of the room – Animal Cell
• Make sure to label your parts. – Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you
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Vocabulary
• Nucleus• Plasma Membrane • Ribosomes• Cytoplasm• Mitochondria• Golgi bodies• Lysosomes• Endoplasm • Cell Wall • Chloroplasts• Flagella
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Cell Raps
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8
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Cell Raps
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8
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Lets Review