introduction to biology & diversity (.ppsx)

Chapters 1: Introduction to Biology, Chapter12: Diversity of Life

Welcome!IntroductionsYour TextbookYour Lab ManualIntroductions

Introduction to biology

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BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#

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I can relateWhere were you born?How many in your family? Whats your position?Where did you go to school?Who is your favorite celebrity?What cities or countries have you visited?What do you want to be when you grow up?and any other appropriate things you can think of.When you hear something you can relate to, stand up, tell us your name, and proceed through the above questions. Listen to what people are saying and dont be too quick to intervene.

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#CanvasCanvas is vital to you and this course.You will have questions.I will be more than happy to answer them. ButI expect, from you, due diligence.Use Canvas to answer your questions.Check with your team or classmates.Send me a message.


31/20/2017Paradise Valley Community CollegeChapter 1: Invitation to Biology

Canvas


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Canvas Home Page


Three Basic StrategiesBe on time.Participate.Do the work.



Vital InformationInstructor:Stephan George, M.A.LectureF 11:00 am - 1:45 pm, LS 203Laboratory:F 2:00 pm - 4:45 am, LS 106Office Hours:By email appointmentLife Sciences Admin:(602) 787-6940E-mail:[email protected]



Todays TopicsThe Diversity of LifeProperties of LifeLevels of OrganizationOrganizing Life on EarthTaxonomic ClassificationTaxonomy & PhylogenyDetermining Evolutionary RelationshipsThe Process of ScienceIntroduction to biology

Chapter 12Chapter 1

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We have not encountered all of the organisms that live on Earth. Fifty new species are discovered every day.17,800 Vertebrates remain undiscovered.*4,000,000 Insects500,000 Spiders900,000 Marinecreatures80,500 Plants

Source: iucnredlist.org. 2014.

Source: www.worldwildlife.org. 2014.

Source: commons.wikimedia.org. 2014.

Source: www.linternaute.com. 2014.

Source: unknown. 2014.

Source:www.livescience.com. 2014.


Source: infranetlab.org. 2014.

Source: www.scienceimage.csiro.au. 2014.

Source: www.theguardian.com. 2014.

Source: www.wz-newsline.de. 2014.

Source: www.wild-facts.com. 2014.

Source: www.guardian.co.uk. 2014.

Source: news.zdeai.com. 2014.

Source: mashable.com. 2014.

Source: solent.photoshelter.com. 2014.

Source: gulfnews.com. 2014.

Source: nationalgeographic.com. 2014.

Source: dsc.discovery.com. 2015

Source: www.wild-facts.com. 2014.Systematic Study of life* These are scientific estimates only. (2016)

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#9


An Undiscovered Country

Source: modified from woodshole.er.usgs.gov. 2015.Virgin IslandsPuerto RicoFloridaCubaPuerto Rico Trench800 kilometers (497 mi) longmaximum depth of 8,648 meters(28,373 ft.) or 5.373 miles

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#An Undiscovered Country

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Organization of lifeThe building blocks (atoms) that make up all living things are the same ones that make up all non-living things.The unique properties of life emerge as certain kinds of molecules become organized into cells.What are these levels?


AtomFundamental building block of all matterMoleculeAn association of two or more atomsCellSmallest definable unit of lifeOrganismAn individual; consists of one or more cellsOrganization of lifePopulationGroup of individuals of a species in a given areaCommunityAll populations of all species in a given areaEcosystemA community interacting with its environmentBiosphereAll regions of Earth that hold lifeIncreasing Complexity


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8Levels of Organization: AnimalsSource: Starr, C., Evers, C. A., & Starr, L. 2014.

8Biosphere

1Atoms

2Molecules

3Cells

4Organism

5Population

6Community

7Ecosphere

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Levels of Organization: Plants

1

2

3Cells

4Organism

5Population

6Community

7Ecosphere

8Biosphere

1Atoms

2Molecules

3

4

5

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8Source: Starr, C., Evers, C. A., & Starr, L. (2013).

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Definitions: Nature and LifeNatureEverything in the universe, except what humans or any other sentient life have manufacturedEmergent propertyA characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of a systems component parts

SingleCell

Tissue

Organ

OrganSystem

The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.


Source: http://rheumatoidarthritisbio2.weebly.com. 2015Properties of LifeOrderSensitivity/ResponseReproductionAdaptationGrowth and DevelopmentRegulationHomeostasis

Credit: Ivengo(RUS)/Wikimedia Commons

Credit: Alex Lomas

Credit: Pieter & Renee Lanser

Source: http://www.redbubble.com. 2015

Source: http://www.yumamwr.com. 2015Source: http://www.google.com. 2015

Source: http://www.biologyreference.com. 2015What Makes Life Life?


BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Lifes DiversityThe millions of species on Earth vary greatly in details of body form and function.Each species is given a unique two-part name that includes genus and species names.Genus (pl. Genera)Group of species sharing a unique set of traitsSpeciesA specific type of organism

GENUSSPECIESHomosapiensPhaseolusvulgaris



Classification (Taxonomy)pumacougarpaintercatamountmountain lionmountain screamerMexican lionor 33 othersPuma concolor

Source: Starr, C., Evers, C. A., & Starr, L. 2014.What do you call this animal?


BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Classification (Taxonomy)PinuspalustrisPhaseolusvulgarisLong-needledPineGreenBeanArchilochusalexandriBlack-ChinnedHummingbird

Source: http://udm.wikipedia.org. 2014.

Source: http://eol.org/pages/645324/overview. 2014.

Source: http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki. 2014.JudasverdesHaricotsvertsGrneBohne



Taxonomy: a branch of science that encompasses the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms

Classification (Taxonomy)Taxa (singular, taxon)One or more populations seen as a group


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KidsPreferCheeseOverFriedGreenSpinach

MammaliaAnimaliaChordataEukaryotaMetazoaHominidaePrimatesHomoH. sapiensClassification (Taxonomy)


Source: nl.depositphotos.com. 2015.



MammaliaAnimaliaChordataEukaryotaMetazoaRodentiaM. musculusMusMuridaeClassification (Taxonomy)Mickey, a house mouse

Credit: Walt Disney Studios. 2014.

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/primeval/9068026793/. 2015Source: commons.wikimedia.org. 2015.



SphenisciformesAptenodytesSpheniscideaeAvesA. fosteri AnimaliaChordataEukaryotaMetazoa

Classification (Taxonomy)Mumble, anEmperor Penguin

Credit: Warner Bros. Studios. 2014.

Source: http://ellesdeli.wordpress.com. 2015Source: commons.wikimedia.org. 2015.



Todays TopicsThe Diversity of LifeProperties of LifeLevels of OrganizationOrganizing Life on EarthTaxonomic ClassificationTaxonomy & PhylogenyDetermining Evolutionary RelationshipsThe Process of ScienceThe Scientific Method

Introduction to biology

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A Phylogenic TreeA Map of Evolutionary HistoryHinged jaw?Legs?Amniotic egg?Hair?YESNONOYESYESNOYESNONOYES

Source: saltofportugal.wordpress.com. 2015.Lamprey

Source: brevity.wordpress.com. 2015.PerchSource: animalcrossing.wikia.com. 2015.

FrogSource: david.element.ukgateway.net. 2015.

LizardSource: billbarr.wordpress.com. 2015.

RabbitPetromyzontiformesPercaRanaBasiliscusOryctolagus

Source: news.yahoo.com. 2015.LanceletVertebralcolumn?Branchiostoma

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Phylogenic TreeSumatranorangutan

Source: bbc.co.uk. 2015Gibbon

Source: true-wildlife.blogspot.com. 2015Borneanorangutan

Source: savenaturesavehuman.com 2015Mountaingorilla

Source: mudrunmaniac.com 2015Easternlowlandgorilla

Source: flickr.com. 2015Westerngorilla

Source: animal-wildlife.blogspot.com. 2015.Bonobo

Source: theragblog.blogspot.com.. 2015Chimpanzee

Source: film1.nl.. 2015 Earliest CommonAncestor (ECA)Human

Close DNARelatives Whos missing?

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Genomic Phylogeny & taxonomyCredit: modification of work by Eric Gaba. 2014.

You Are Here

Credit: modification of work by Eric Gaba. 2014.SpirochetesProteobacteriaCyanobacteriaPlanctomycesBacteroidesCytophagaThermotogaAquifexGrampositivesGreenfilamentousbacteriaMethanosarcinaMethanobacteriumMethanococcusT. celerThermoproteusPyrodicticumHalophilesEntamoebaeSlimeMoldsDiplomonadsMicrosporidiaTrichomonadsFlagellatesCiliatesPlantsAnimalsFungiBacteriaArchaeaEukaryaEarliest Common Ancestor

Every BranchIndicates DNAVariance

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#This phylogenetic tree was constructed by microbiologist Carl Woese using genetic relationships. The tree shows the separation of living organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are organisms without a nucleus or other organelles surrounded by a membrane and, therefore, are prokaryotes. (credit: modification of work by Eric Gaba)

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Credit: Steve Hillebrand, USFWS

Credit: Russian gov./Wikipedia Commons

Credit: U.S. BLM

Credit: Virendra KankariyaEvolutionary RelationshipsTwo Measures of Similarity: Physical & GeneticHomologous structures: species shared a common evolutionary past.HumerusUlnaRadiusMetacarpalsPhalangesCarpals

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Genome Phylogeny

Human globin (hemoglobin) has 146 amino acids.

Monkey8Mice27Chicken45Frog67Lamprey125

Differentaminoacids

MVLSAADKGNVKAAWGKVGGHAAEYGAEALERMFLSFPTTKTYFPHFDLSHGSAQVKGHGAKVAAALTKAVEHLDDLPGALSELSDLHAHKLRVDPVNFKLLSHSLLVTLASHLPSDFTPAVHASLDKFLANVSTVLTSKYRThe less the difference, the greater the relationship.Species

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#The Nature of Scientific InquiryCritical thinking is the mental process of judging the quality of informationbefore deciding whether or not to accept it.

Source: www.duperrin.com.. 2016.



We all have biases

Source: wordle.net/create. 2016.


We all have biases


The Scope and Limits of ScienceScience is a way of looking at the natural world which helps us to communicate our experiences without bias by focusing only on testable ideas about observable phenomena.Science isfact-based.Science is notfaith-based.

Source: www.tgcom.mediaset.it. 2015.Source: dukephotography.photoshelter.com. 2015.



How Science WorksResearchers make and test potentially falsifiable predictions about how the natural world works.Generally, scientific inquiry involvesforming a hypothesis (testable assumption),about an observation,then making and testing predictions,based on the hypothesis.A hypothesis that is not consistent with the results of scientific tests is modified or discarded.

Scientificinquiry



The Scientific MethodObservationExperimentationPredictionHypothesisCreate or modify the theory.Use theory to make prediction.Design experiment to test prediction.Perform experiment.RepeatRepeatRepeat



Steps in the Scientific Method

4321

51. Observation4. Experiment3. Prediction2. Hypothesis5. Repetition


Chapter 1: Invitation to Biology1/20/2017Paradise Valley Community College37

A Scientific TheoryDefinition of a scientific theory:Set of principles that explain and predict phenomenaIf a hypothesis (pl., hypotheses) has been verified by rigorous testing, it becomes a theory. The new theory can now be used for making predictions about other phenomena.



Examples of Scientific Theories



The Power of ExperimentsExperiments simplify interpretations of complex biological systems by focusing on the effect of one variable at a time.Experimenta test to support or falsify a predictionVariableany factor that can be controlled,changed, or measured in an experimentnatural processes are ofteninfluenced by many variables

Source: www.education.com. 2014.



Peacock Butterfly Defenses

Inachis ioPeacock Butterfly



QuestionWhy does a peacock butterfly hiss or flick its wings?Two hypotheses:Exposing wing spots scares off predators.Wing sounds scare off predators.Two predictions:Individuals w/o spotsare eaten more often.Individuals w/o soundsare eaten more often.

Source: it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inachis_io. 2014.Butterflies and Birds



Experiments and Results1. Create hypothesis: Spots and sound protect butterfly.2. Make prediction: Birds will eat butterflies w/o spots/sound.3. Devise experiment: Modify spots and take away sounds.4. Observation: See table above. Control GroupSpotsSound909 (100%)No spotsSound1055 (50%)SpotsNo sound808 (100%)No spotsNo sound1082 (20%)



Laws of NatureDefinition for Laws of NatureGeneralization (usually a mathematical formula) that describesa consistent and universal natural phenomenonfor which we do notyet have a completescientific explanation.Example:

Human judges can show mercy. But, against the laws of nature, there is no appeal.Arthur C. Clark1917-2008


