Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1

The Systems- Review Table…

• Done! And we made our Cadaver Models.• IMPORTANT POINT: Models are only

representative of structures/functions. They give us something to manipulate to help us understand or a way for us to see a process/concept that we can’t normally see.

• Models are important in science BUT they are not perfect.

• A model can be 3D, a 2D picture or animation…etc.

Organs are PACKED in!

What is Anatomy & Physiology?

• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body

and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or

function

Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy– Large structures– Easily observable

Figure 14.4

Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy– Very small

structures– Can only be

viewed with a microscope

• How does MICRO & MACRO relate to A&P?– Majority of this class focuses on the organ

system level BUT to understand how organs work we need to understand the microscopic structures & chemical reactions which happen there!

Structural and Functional Organization

www.hkpe.net/.../images/body_levels.jpg

Understanding Diagrams is

vital to science!Using this picture you and

your table should1. fill in as many graphically

represented body systems & parts as you can

2. describe what the arrows depict

3. then write a paragraph describing what the diagram is depicting in general on the back of the paper.

I will be coming around to help you

Digestive

Urinary

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

Integumentary

nutrients

Cells

Interstitial fluid

feces

food CO2O2

Urine

Nitrogenous Waste/Salts

Nutrients/O2 in Waste/CO2 out

•Example: The picture depicts how all of the organ systems are connected. We can see that the integumentary system protects the body from the external environment. The digestive & respiratory system take in nutrients & oxygen which are distributed throughout the body by the circulatory system. The circulatory system then moves waste products to the respiratory system (carbon dioxide) & excretory system (urine).

Important POINT!

• NO organ system is completely separate from another. They all work together.

• YOU CAN live (a long healthy life) with out one of the systems…which one???

Homeostasis

• Your body works because it’s constantly working to achieve homeostasis.– Homeo= same– Stasis= state

• Whenever you do anything you put your homeostasis in jeopardy.– Ex: drinking fanta = LOTS of sugar– = high blood sugar = release of insulin =

absorption of sugar in to cells to be metabolized

– If you do not produce insulin = diabetic, then you have a major problem b/c unmetabolized sugar is DEADLY. YOUR HOMEOSTASIS is out of wack!

• Negative feedback loops:– Loop opposes the stimulus– Becomes too hot-action is to cool down OR

too cold & shiver to warm up.– Used to regulate body phyiology (not just

temperature)– Ex: home central heat/air

• Positive Feedback loops:– Increases the stimulus– “vicious cycle”– Not a way to regulate b/c drives body away

form balance– Sometimes it IS necessary…

• Ex: Child birth• Contractions continue to increase in strength until

baby is born

Overview of Homeostasis

Figure 1.4

• Answer the following question on your own on a sheet of paper & put your answer in the bin.

• When becoming dehydrated we usually feel thirsty which causes us to drink fluids. Determine whether the thirst sensation is part of a negative or positive feedback loop and defend your choice.

• 1. Fix your cadaver. Use the books in this room to check placement.

• 2. Take tracing paper & create the regions (with names) over your organs.

–A) On a separate sheet of paper draw the regions and their names & then list the organs that fall in each region.

• 3. Take a new sheet of tracing paper & create the quadrants over your organs.–A) On the other side of your paper draw

the quadrants/names & list the organs in each.

The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:– Position– Direction– Regions– Structures

Liver

Gall bladder

Stomach

Lg/Sm Intestine

Diaphragm

• Lg/sm Intestine

• Bladder

Liver

Stomach

Lg/sm intestine

Diaphram

• Lg/sm intestine

• Bladder

Right Hypochondriac •Liver•Gall bladder•Diaphragm

Epigastric•Liver•Stomach•Lg. Intestine•Diaphragm

Left Hypochondriac•Stomach•Lg. intestine•Sm. Intestine•Diaphragm

Right Lumbar•Lg intestine

Unbilical•Lg/sm intestine

Left Lumbar•Lg/sm intestine

Right Iliac•Lg intestine

Hypogastric•Sm. Intestine•Bladder

Left Iliac•Lg. Intestine

Body Planes

Figure 1.6

Visible Human Project

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/mpeg/umd_video.mpg

• http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/planes.html

Visible Human Project

• http://anatquest.nlm.nih.gov/AnatQuest/AwtCsViewer/aq-cutaway.html

• Cavities in reality

Body Cavities

Figure 1.7