introduction pa 544 clinical anatomy & physiology dr. tony serino “the nature of the body is...
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Introduction
PA 544
Clinical Anatomy & Physiology
Dr. Tony Serino
“The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science.”
Hippocrates ~350 B.C.E
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Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy –study of body structures and their relationships
• Physiology –study of body mechanisms (homeostasis)
• Andreas Vesalius’s De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body) 1543 AD; was the founding work on which Anatomy is based
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Types of Anatomy• Regional Anatomy –study of body structure by focusing
on a specific part, region, or subregion including all of its systemic features. Useful for:– Understanding 3D arrangements of structures
– Layers of the body
– The relationships among its structures
• Surface Anatomy –study of body surface, referencing what lies beneath– Useful for visualization of internal anatomy
– Used in medical diagnosis (palpation) and treatment
• Systemic Anatomy –study of body structure focusing on organ systems– The way most undergrad anatomy is taught
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Systems and related Medical Field• Integumentary Dermatology
• Skeletal Osteology
• Joints Arthrology
• Muscular Mycology
• Nervous Neurology
• Circulation Angiology
• Heart Cardiology
• Digestion Gastroenterology
• Respiratory Pulmonology
• Urinary Urology
• Reproductive Gynecology (female), Andrology (male)
• Endocrine Endocrinology
Orthropedics
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Body Plan• Tube within a tube
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord
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Internal vs. External Environment
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Body Cavities
(Peritoneal cavity)
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Serous Membranes & Mesenteries• Mesothelium (simple squamous
epithelium) lining the body cavities (parietal) and their organs (visceral)
• Each membrane is named for the cavity it lines
• Form double membranes which suspend organs within cavities
• True mesenteries connect the body wall to the organ
• Ligaments connect organ to organ
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Visceral vs. Parietal
Parietal membrane
Body Cavity filled with serous fluid
Visceral membrane
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Pericardium
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Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Pleural cavity
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Parietal Peritoneum
Peritoneum
Visceral PeritoneumPeritonealcavity
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Body Plan
Body Planes
• Tube within a tube
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord
Anatomical Position
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Body Plan
• Tube within a tube
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord
Anatomical directions.
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Anatomical Variation
• Anatomy described here represents 70% of the population
• Expect variation in specimens
• Veins vary most, arteries and nerves the least.
Ooops! Didn’t expect this in the abdomen.
Things one never wants to hear in the OR.
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Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a constant internal environment
• Uses a reflex arc to self regulate
• Reflex functions to maintain a certain set point with a narrow physiological range
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Set Point and Range
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Factors Affecting Homeostasis
• Feedback –negative or positive
• Feed-forward regulation
• Acclimatization
• Biorhythms
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Body Fluids
Transcellular fluids are filtrates of the plasma
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Important Ions
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Systems Overview
• Next few lectures will deal with anatomy and physiology that is represented throughout most regions of the body.
• Systems include: Integument, Skeletal, Muscular, Vessels (CV and Lymphatic), and Nervous Systems