introduction of self service

8/13/2019 INTRODUCTION of Self Service

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Self Awareness and Transactional Analysis

Prestige Institute of Management, Gwalior

Seminar Report

On


By:-akansha Sikarwar


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/Ms. , a student of

B.Tech.(Electronics & communication Engineering /Electronic Instrumentation &

Control Engineering) . semester has submitted His/her Seminar/project report

entitled .. under my/our guidance.

Name

Designation of Seminar Guide


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I deemed it a great pleasure and opportunity todedicate the following few lines to some persons whoenabled me to complete the seminar.

I express my deep sense of gratitude and I am thankfulto Prof. Biswajit Tripathy (H..O.D) of ComputerScience & Engineering for providing the environment to

present my seminar. I would also like to thank Prof.Sunita Panda (Seminar In-charge) for givingme their kind cooperation & inspiration to do myseminar work.. Above all my thanks go to Prof. ------------------ (Seminar Guide) for the timely help andconstant encouragement to complete my seminar work..


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ABSTRACT


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CONTENTS


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INTRODUCTION

Self Awareness:-

Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself asan individual separate from the environment and other individuals.

Self-awareness is a state of being where you deeply understand your own thoughts,emotions and behaviors and how they affect you and the world around you. Whenyoure self -aware, you move beyond simply existing or reacting to your environment todeliberately living a fulfilling and meaningful life. You get to be the real you and dothings that reflect who you are deep inside.

Many competent, well-meaning, intelligent people genuinely believe that something badwill happen if they think differently, change their behavior patterns, examine theirfeelings, listen to their inner voices or live consciously. They settle for being someonetheyre not and live lives that doesnt make them authentically happy. Thankfully, self -

awareness can help anyone discover who they are and what their true path in life is.

The better you know yourself, the more able you are to consciously decide what youthink, feel and do rather than leaving a trail of destruction behind you. Take some timeto explore this blog and discover how self-awareness can help you grow and be happy.Please let me know if you have any questions or comments as you continue your

journey.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection


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Self-Awareness TheorySelf-Awareness Theory states that when we focus our attention on ourselves, weevaluate and compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values. Webecome self-conscious as objective evaluators of ourselves. However self-awareness isnot to be confused with self-consciousness. Various emotional states are intensified byself-awareness. However, some people may seek to increase their self-awarenessthrough these outlets. People are more likely to align their behavior with their standardswhen made self-aware. People will be negatively affected if they don't live up to theirpersonal standards. Various environmental cues and situations induce awareness of the

self, such as mirrors, an audience, or being videotaped or recorded. These cues alsoincrease accuracy of personal memory. In Demetriou' s theory, one of the neo-Piagetiantheories of cognitive development, self-awareness develops systematically from birththrough the life span and it is a major factor for the development of general inferentialprocesses. Moreover, a series of recent studies showed that self-awareness aboutcognitive processes participates in general intelligence on a par with processingefficiency functions, such as working memory, processing speed, and reasoning.

In psychologyIn psychology, the concept of "self-awareness" is used in different ways:

As a form of intelligence, self-awareness can be an understanding of one's ownknowledge, attitudes, and opinions. Alfred Binet' s first attempts to create anintelligence test included items for "auto-critique" a critical understanding ofoneself. Surprisingly we do not have a privileged access to our own opinions andknowledge directly. For instance, if we try to enumerate all the members of anyconceptual category we know, our production falls much short of our recognition ofmembers of that category.

Albert Bandura has created a category called self-efficacy that builds on our varyingdegrees of self-awareness.

Our general inaccuracy about our own abilities, knowledge, and opinions hascreated many popular phenomena for research such as the better than averageeffect. For instance, 90% of drivers may believe that they are "better than average"(Swenson, 1981). Their inaccuracy comes from the absence of a clear definable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetriouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetriouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consciousness


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measure of driving ability and their own limited self-awareness; and this of courseunderlines the importance of objective standards to inform our subjective self-awareness in all domains. Inaccuracy in our opinion seems particularly disturbing,for what is more personal than opinions. Yet, inconsistency in our opinion is asstrong as in our knowledge of facts. For instance, people who call themselves

opposite extremes in political views often hold not just overlapping political views,but views that are an essential component of the opposite extreme. Reconcilingsuch differences proves difficult and gave rise to Leon Festinger' s theory of cognitivedissonance.

Transactional Analysis:-Transactional analysis (TA to its adherents), is an integrative approach to the theoryof psychology and psychotherapy . It is described as integrative because it haselements of psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive approaches. TA was first developedby Canadian-born US psychiatrist Eric Berne, starting in the late 1950s.

According to the International Transactional Analysis Association , [1] TA 'is a theory ofpersonality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change'.

1. As a theory of personality, TA describes how people are structuredpsychologically. It uses what is perhaps its best known model, the ego-state(Parent-Adult-Child) model, to do this. The same model helps explain howpeople function and express their personality in their behavio r [1]

2. As Berne set his Psychology up, there are four life positions that a person can

hold and holding a particular psychological position has profound implications forhow an individual operationalizes his or her life. The positions are stated as:

1. I'm OK and you are OK. This is the healthiest position about life and itmeans that I feel good about myself and that I feel good about others andtheir competence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Festingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dissonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Festinger


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2. I'm OK and you are not OK. In this position I feel good about myself but Isee others as damaged or less than and it is usually not healthy,

3. I'm not OK and you are OK. In this position the person sees him/herself asthe weak partner in relationships as the others in life are definitely better

than the self. The person who holds this position will unconsciouslyaccept abuse as OK.

4. I'm not OK and you are not OK. This is the worst position to be in as itmeans that I believe that I am in a terrible state and the rest of the worldis as bad. Consequently there is no hope for any ultimate supports.

3. It is a theory of communication that can be extended to the analysis of systemsand organisations .[1]

4. It offers a theory for child development by explaining how our adult patterns of lifeoriginated in childhood .[1] This explanation is based on the idea of a "Life (or

Childhood) Script": the assumption that we continue to re-play childhoodstrategies, even when this results in pain or defeat. Thus it claims to offer atheory of psychopathology.

5. In practical application, it can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of manytypes of psychological disorders and provides a method of therapy forindividuals, couples, families and groups.

6. Outside the therapeutic field, it has been used in education to help teachersremain in clear communication at an appropriate level, in counselling andconsultancy, in management and communications training and by other bodies.

The Ego-State (or Parent-Adult-Child,PAC) model:-

At any given time, a person experiences and manifests their personality through amixture of behaviours, thoughts and feelings. Typically, according to TA, there are threeego-states that people consistently use:

Parent ("exteropsyche"): a state in which people behave, feel, and think inresponse to an unconscious mimicking of how their parents (or other parentalfigures) acted, or how they interpreted their parent's actions. For example, a personmay shout at someone out of frustration because they learned from an influentialfigure in childhood the lesson that this seemed to be a way of relating that worked.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-Stewart_.26_Joines.2C_p3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory


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Adult ("neopsyche"): a state of the ego which is most like a computer processinginformation and making predictions absent of major emotions that could affect itsoperation. Learning to strengthen the Adult is a goal of TA. While a person is in the

Adult ego state, he/she is directed towards an objective appraisal of reality. Child ("archaeopsyche"): a state in which people behave, feel and think similarly

to how they did in childhood. For example, a person who receives a poor evaluationat work may respond by looking at the floor, and crying or pouting, as they used towhen scolded as a child. Conversely, a person who receives a good evaluation mayrespond with a broad smile and a joyful gesture of thanks. The Child is the source ofemotions, creation, recreation, spontaneity and intimacy.

Berne differentiated his Parent, Adult, and Child ego states from actual adults, parents,and children, by using capital letters when describing them. These ego-states may ormay not represent the relationships that they act out. For example, in the workplace, anadult supervisor may take on the Parent role, and scold an adult employee as thoughthey were a Child. Or a child, using their Parent ego-state, could scold their actual

parent as though the parent were a Child.Within each of these ego states are subdivisions. Thus Parental figures are often eithermore nurturing (permission-giving, security-giving) or more criticizing (comparing tofamily traditions and ideals in generally negative ways); Childhood behaviors are eithermore natural ( free ) or more adapted to others. These subdivisions categorizeindividuals' patterns of behavior, feelings, and ways of thinking, that can be functional(beneficial or positive ) or dysfunctional/counterproductive ( negative )..

Berne states that there are four types of diagnosis of ego states. They are: "behavioral"diagnosis, "social" diagnosis, "historical" diagnosis, and "phenomenological" diagnosis.

A complete diagnosis would include all four types. It has subsequently been

demonstrated that there is a fifth type of diagnosis, namely "contextual", because thesame behavior will be diagnosed differently according to the context of the behavior . [8]

Ego-states do not correspond directly to Sigmund Freud' s Ego, Superego and Id, although there are obvious parallels: Superego/Parent; Ego/Adult; Id/Child. Ego statesare consistent for each person, and (argue TA practitioners) are more observable thanthe components of Freud's model. In other words, the ego state from which someone iscommunicating is evident in his or her behavior, manner and expression.

There is no "universal" ego-state. For example, each Child ego state is unique to thechildhood experiences, mentality, intellect, and family of each individual; it is not ageneralized childlike state.

One ego state can become contaminated from another ego state. For example, when aperson mistakes Parental rules and slogans for here-and-now Adult reality (the Adultego state has become contaminated with the Parent), and when beliefs are taken asfacts (the Adult ego state has become contaminated with the Child). Or when a person"knows" that everyone is laughing at him because "they always laughed". This would bean example of a childhood contamination (a Child contamination of the Adult), insofar ashere-and-now reality is being overlaid with memories of historic incidents in childhood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_letterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego,_Superego_and_Idhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego,_Superego_and_Idhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_letter


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Ego-state symbiosis is also possible according to Berne .[9] In a symbiotic relationship,one participant borrows an ego state from the other participant and incorporates it intotheir personality. For instance, soldiers may absolve themselves of the question of themorality of their actions by deferring to their superiors. In this case, the soldier hasincorporated their superior's Parent ego state into their persona (e.g. Banality of evil) .

Although TA theory claims that Ego states do not correspond directly to thinking,feeling, and judging, as these processes are present in every ego state, this claimappears to be self-contradictory to the claim that the Adult is like a computer processinginformation, therefore not feeling unless it is contaminated by the Child. A deeperunderstanding of TA is necessary in order to resolve this paradox. For example Bernediscusses [10] how each ego state (Parent, Adult and Child) can be perceived to be afurther division of Parent-Adult-Child within the ego state itself .[11] Born to Win discusseshow one of the goals of TA is to achieve integration of the other ego states into the

Adult (an integrated Adult ego state) so that the awareness of the entire persona iselevated to the level the Adult's perception of reality .[12]

Berne suspected that Parent, Adult, and Child ego states might be tied to specific areasof the human brain; an idea that has not been proved . [7]

The three ego state model has been questioned by a TA group in Australia, who havedevised a "two ego-state model" as a means of solving perceived theoretical problems:

"The two ego-state model says that there is a Child ego-state and a Parent ego-state,placing the Adult ego-state with the Parent ego-state. [...] How we learn to speak, addup and learn how to think is all just copied from our teachers. Just as our morals andvalues are copied from our parents. There is no absolute truth where facts exist out sidea person's own belief system. Berne mistakenly concluded that there was and thusmistakenly put the Adult ego-state as separate from the Parent ego-state. "[13][14] It is notclear if the concept of a learnt perception of reality is counterindicative to Berne's theoryof identifiably separate modes of rational and moral thought, however.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banality_of_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-skepticreport_TA-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-skepticreport_TA-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-skepticreport_TA-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-skepticreport_TA-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banality_of_evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_analysis#cite_note-9

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